Effectiveness of Strengthening Exercises for the Elderly with Low Back Pain to Improve Symptoms and Functions: A Systematic Review

Table 5

Outcome measure and time point.

References	Outcome measure	Statistical tests	Time point
Vincent et al., 2014 [20]	Low back pain severity score; Numerical rating scale; Maximal low back and leg strength; Walking endurance and gait speed	Chi-square test; Univariate analyses of variance	4 months
Hicks et al., 2012 [31]	Numerical rating scale; Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS); The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) including three-stance balance test, 4-meter gait speed test, and a five-repetition chair-stand test; Roland Morris Back Pain Disability Questionnaire	Descriptive Statistics; Multivariable logistic regression analyses	12 months
Vincent et al., 2014 [28]	Numerical rating scale; Modified Oswestry Disability Index (mODI); Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire; Psychological assessment: (i) Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia,; (ii) Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire; (iii) Pain Catastrophizing Scale	Kruskal-Wallis; Repeated measures ANOVA	4 months