Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug,<i> Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i> (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Fatima, Samman; Hussain, Mubashar; Shafqat, Shama; Faheem Malik, Muhammad; Abbas, Zaheer; Noureen, Nadia; ul Ane, Noor

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9312013

Scientifica

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 9312013 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9312013

Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Samman Fatima,¹Mubashar Hussain,¹Shama Shafqat,¹Muhammad Faheem Malik,¹Zaheer Abbas,²Nadia Noureen,¹and Noor ul Ane¹

Academic Editor: Gerlind Lehmann

Received21 Dec 2015

Revised10 Apr 2016

Accepted04 May 2016

Published22 May 2016

Abstract

Hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is the major pest of many vegetables, fruits, crops, and ornamental plants causing losses to the farmers and its control has been an issue of significance in the pest management. This study was aimed at evaluating different concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) of Telsta, Advantage, Talstar, Imidacloprid, and their mixtures against hibiscus mealybug in the Laboratory of Systematics and Pest Management at University of Gujrat, Pakistan. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24 and 48 h of the application of insecticides. The highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by Talstar and Talstar + Imidacloprid at the concentration of 0.14% after 48 h followed by Advantage + Talstar with 87.50% mortality at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of application. The study also showed that the least effective treatment observed was Advantage + Telsta with no mortality after 24 h and 25% mortality after 48 h at 0.14% concentration. The study revealed that the concentration 0.14% was highly effective in lowering the mealybug population and insecticide mixtures were effective in reducing mealybug density. The study emphasizes the use of such insecticide mixtures to develop better management strategy for mealybug populations attacking ornamental plants. However effects of such insecticide mixtures on other organisms and biological control agents should be checked under field conditions.

1. Introduction

Hibiscus mealybug, M. hirsutus (Hemiptera; Sternorrhyncha; Coccoidea; Pseudococcidae), has been one of the most devastating sap sucking pests of cultivated, noncultivated, and ornamental plants. This is an exotic pest that was first discovered in the US in Florida in 2002. It is a pest on more than 300 species in 74 plant families. Infestation of hibiscus mealybug results in malformed leaf and shoots growth and stunting and so forth. In the US yearly cost of damages caused by hibiscus mealybug and its control is about US$ 700 million, whereas global estimate is about US$ 5 billion [1]. Mealybug is represented by the largest family of scale insects with about 300 genera and 2000 species and has been reported from 35 localities of various ecological zones of the globe [2–5]. Mealybugs are phloem feeder insects which use their long and slender mouthparts to suck out fluids of plants [6]. Mealybug has a wide range of variation in morphological characters, biological adaptations, and ecological adjustability making it serious pest of almost all kinds of crops and plants. It has been recorded from several parts of Pakistan as a serious pest of cultivated and noncultivated crops and ornamental plantations [2, 7]. The pest has been reported from 183 plants in 52 families [2, 3]. Pesticides have been a large part of control for mealybug and include sodium cyanide, sulfur fumigation, chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT and organophosphates like parathion, neonicotinoids, botanical insecticides, biosynthesis inhibitors, and insect growth regulators [8–11].

Different insecticides were evaluated against mealybug species in various parts of the world and have been found effective in reducing mealybug populations when applied at various concentrations [12, 13]. The efficacy of three insecticides, for example, Talstar (Bifenthrin 10EC), Lorsban™ (Chlorpyrifos 50EC), and Confidor (Imidacloprid 200SL), was determined against mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae) and Lorsban was proved to be most effective for controlling mango mealybug [14].

The new chemistry insecticides are more specific for particular insects. Thus to increase crop productivity with more than one pest situation, more than one insecticide in mixtures should be used. Such mixtures can delay the development of insecticide resistance in insect pests and in this way can manage resistant population of certain insect pests [15]. The concentration of insecticides and application method have been a concern in the management strategies of mealybugs, thus requiring consistent trials for the evaluation of conventional and novel insecticides with the approach of being less hazardous against nontarget organisms and environment.

The present study was conducted in an attempt to trace out the best insecticide and most effective concentration for controlling mealybugs. They were used alone and in the form of mixtures against mealybugs. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions to determine the effect of insecticides on the management of mealybugs.

2. Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal activity of various commercial insecticides available in the market. The preliminary screening of selected pesticides was carried out to find out the efficacy on the control of mealybug. All the treatments were first tested at their recommended doses against adult female mealybugs but they showed very low mortality at those doses. Thus three concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) were prepared for all the treatments after reviewing the literature and efficacy was checked on these concentrations. The insecticides tested were Advantage 20 EC (Carbosulfan), Telsta 20 SL (Clothianidin), Talstar 10 EC (Bifenthrin), Imidacloprid 20 SL (Imidacloprid), and their mixtures, Advantage + Telsta, Advantage + Talstar, Advantage + Imidacloprid, Telsta + Talstar, Telsta + Imidacloprid, and Talstar + Imidacloprid, and the control (no pesticide applied) on the mortality of adult female mealybugs. The commercial insecticides were obtained from the market and their doses were prepared as per direction devised on the labels of the products.

2.1. Study Site

The study was conducted in May 2015 at University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan (32.6367°N, 74.1674°E), with the trend of higher mealybug infestations during recent years on ornamental plantations.

2.2. Experimental Design

The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with thirty treatments and three replications.

2.3. Collection of Experimental Specimens

The samples of adult females of hibiscus mealybug were collected from shoe flower plants also called China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) and walls surrounding the trees present at the study site. The collected specimens were identified in the Laboratory of Systematics and Pest Management, Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat.

2.4. Preparation of Different Concentrations of Insecticides and Insecticide Mixtures

The required volume of each insecticide was obtained by putting required quantity of formulation in the beaker and adding water to make the volume 1 liter. This procedure was repeated for all the insecticides to make concentrations of 0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14% of all insecticides. Six different insecticide mixtures were prepared by selecting one insecticide as standard and mixing it in the other insecticides in 1 : 1 [16].

Different concentrations of insecticides were prepared by using the following method [17]:

2.5. Laboratory Bioassay Procedure

The fresh, untreated, and noninfested host plant leaves were collected from the shoe flower plants and taken to the Systematics and Pest Management Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat. The experimental unit was comprised of ninety three (93) large sized Petri dishes, each containing leaves and eight adult female mealybugs. The leaves were washed thoroughly with distilled water and completely air-dried before the application of treatments. The bioassay studies were conducted based on the procedure described by Khan et al. [16] with some modifications. The treatments were applied by using Potter Tower Sprayer and experimental units were kept at room temperature 26–30°C. A slightly moistened filter paper was also placed in each Petri dish to keep the leaf material turgid during all the bioassay period.

2.6. Insecticide Exposure

The mealybugs were fed with fresh, noninfested host plant leaves before their release into Petri dishes. To determine the insecticidal effect of different insecticides on adult female mealybugs, the topical exposure procedure [17] was followed. This exposure method enabled controlling individual dosage [18] and prevented potential antifeedant effect of insecticides [19–21].

2.7. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis

The data on mortality (adults not moving when touched with a fine brush were considered as dead) was recorded after 24 and 48 h of application. Such individuals were also exposed to sunlight to confirm their death if not responding to the heat exposure. The obtained data was analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test [22]. LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for different insecticides and their mixtures were calculated by using Probit Analysis [16]. The statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS.

3. Results

3.1. Effect of Insecticides and Their Mixtures on the Mortality of Hibiscus Mealybug after 24 h of Spray

The data on mortality of adult females of hibiscus mealybug has been presented in Figure 1 that indicated significant variations in the mortality after 24 h of the application of insecticidal spray. The effect of different concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) of Advantage, Talstar, Imidacloprid, Telsta, and their combinations with three replications for each concentration was determined.

All the treatments showed significant differences with each other and also showed significant differences with the control (Table 2). There was no mortality observed in control where no insecticide was applied. The highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by T₉ followed by T₃ and T₃₀; both of these showed 79.17% mortality. Talstar was the most effective insecticide at all concentrations after 24 h of application. The least effective insecticidal treatment (Advantage + Telsta) showed no mortality of adult female mealybugs after 24 h of spray (Figure 1). However, Advantage and Telsta when applied singly at different concentrations showed higher mortality than their mixture. The performance of insecticides in descending order showing mortality was Talstar > Talstar + Imidacloprid > Advantage + Talstar/Advantage > Advantage + Imidacloprid/Imidacloprid > Telsta + Imidacloprid > Telsta + Talstar > Advantage + Telsta at 0.14% concentration after 24 h of application in the laboratory bioassay. All the insecticide mixtures showed significant differences with each other (Table 3). Among insecticide mixtures the maximum mortality (79.17%) was shown by T₃₀ (Figure 1).

3.2. Effect of Insecticides and Their Mixtures on the Mortality of Hibiscus Mealybug after 48 h of Spray

There were significant differences between the results of different treatments after 48 h of spray (Figure 1). All the treatments showed significant differences with respect to control, as no mortality was observed in control. The highest and similar mortality (95.83%) was observed in treatments of T₉ and T₃₀. The lowest mortality (20.83%) was observed with the application of T₁₃ and T₁₄. Similar trend was observed as in the results shown after 24 h of spray; in case of T₁₃ and T₁₄, when applied singly, they caused higher mortality than their mixture (Figure 1). Descending order for the efficacy of other treatments in causing mortality was Advantage + Talstar > Telsta > Advantage > Advantage + Imidacloprid > Imidacloprid > Telsta + Imidacloprid > Telsta + Talstar against adult female mealybugs at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of exposure to insecticides. Among insecticide mixtures the highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by T₃₀ (Figure 1). However, all the insecticide mixtures showed significant differences with each other (Table 3).

3.3. Effect of Insecticide Concentrations and Exposure Durations on the Mortality of Hibiscus Mealybug

The insecticide concentrations and durations have significant effect on the mortality of mealybugs (Table 2). When the time of exposure of insecticides increased, mortality of mealybug also increased and vice versa (Figure 1). All the treatments also showed higher mortality with increased concentrations.

3.4. LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ for Insecticides and Their Mixtures against Hibiscus Mealybug

The insecticides with the lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were considered to show highest mortality of hibiscus mealybug at lowest dose. The insecticide with the lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 0.0002% and 0.0488% calculated after 24 h of spray was Talstar (Table 1). After 48 h of spray LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for Talstar were found to be 0.000001% and 0.0032%, respectively, which were also the lowest values among all the treatments. Therefore Talstar was considered to be the most effective insecticide among all the treatments. Percentage mortality of Talstar also showed similar results (Figure 1). Among insecticide mixtures the lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ (0.0044% and 1.3592%) were shown by Advantage + Talstar after 24 h. Thus it was observed as the most effective combination after 24 h of spray, whereas after 48 h Talstar + Imidacloprid gave the lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 0.0001% and 0.1619%, respectively, and was thus considered to be the most effective combination after 48 h of spray. Advantage + Telsta with the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 11469.15% and 6111766.00%, respectively, was considered to be the least effective treatment amongst all the treatments after 24 h of spray (Table 1). It was also considered to be the least effective treatment after 48 h of spray as it gave the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 8.0332% and 21456.76%, respectively, after 48 h. Similar results were shown by Advantage + Telsta in case of percent mortality of mealybugs (Figure 1).

4. Discussion

Insecticide combination Talstar + Imidacloprid is a new insecticide mixture that was not observed in the previous studies and proved to be highly effective with the lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values among all the insecticide mixtures against mealybug in our results. One of the possible reasons for its efficiency can be its double mode of action. Talstar is a pyrethroid and it targets “sodium channel transmission” of nervous system in insects and Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that acts on many types of “postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors” present in insect central nervous system [23, 24]. Both of these insecticides are effective against sucking insects like jassids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs [25, 26]. Thus the combined action of two different insecticides might be more toxic against insect pests like mealybug. This new insecticide mixture can be a better option in case of mealybug becoming resistant to already available insecticides. Thus this insecticide mixture can be helpful in “pest resistant management strategy for mealybug.”

The present study showed that Talstar was the most effective insecticide for the control of mealybugs among all the treatments when applied at different concentrations and durations of exposure. It had the lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values after 24 and 48 h of spray amongst all the treatments (Table 1). Similar studies were conducted by Lanjar et al. [14] and reported similar trend of mortality for Talstar. Our results differ from the results of Karar et al. [27] who evaluated Talstar against 1st instar nymphs of mango mealybugs after 24 h of spray that resulted in low mortality of 66%. In our study after 24 h of insecticide exposure, Talstar caused highest mortality but after 48 h of insecticide exposure both Talstar + Imidacloprid and Talstar caused highest mortality. These results indicated that Talstar showed higher mortality in mealybugs either used singly or used as mixture with other insecticides.

The lowest mortality of adult females of mealybug was observed with the application of Advantage + Telsta both after 24 h and after 48 h of spray. Advantage and Telsta showed higher mortality of mealybugs as compared to their mixture (Figure 1). It was also observed that Advantage + Telsta had the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values after 24 h and 48 h (Table 1). Thus individually both of these insecticides were more effective than their mixture. The reason for this trend of Advantage and Telsta can be due to their different modes of action. Advantage (Carbosulfan) acts by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase and Clothianidin, a novel insecticide belonging to class neonicotinoid, works as agonists on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in insects [27]. Interaction of the actions performed by Advantage and Telsta might not be very effective. Therefore Advantage + Telsta caused lowest mortality of mealybugs in our results. The mixtures of selected insecticides showed significant results of mortality. The study emphasized and confirmed the results presented by Nikam et al. [28] regarding the effect of Advantage (Carbosulfan or carbyl) on mortality of mealybugs at different concentrations in laboratory bioassay while studying various insecticides when used at 0.04%, 0.05%, and 0.2% concentrations against the control of Phenacoccus solenopsis. Our findings are also in agreement with Karnataka et al. [29] who tested nine insecticides against the control of P. solenopsis and explained that Carbosulfan, profenofos, and triazofos proved comparatively better against P. solenopsis than other treatments.

Our results pertaining to the effect of Telsta, Advantage, and Imidacloprid are similar to those reported in a study by Pachundkar et al. [30] who evaluated nine insecticides against insect pests of cluster bean and found Telsta (Clothianidin), thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acephate, Advantage (Carbosulfan), and fipronil as the most effective insecticides against the control of insect pests of cluster bean.

According to our results Advantage + Imidacloprid showed 70.83% mortality of mealybugs at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of application in laboratory bioassay. This is in accordance with the study conducted by Khan et al. [16] who studied toxicity of some insecticides alone and in combination against Lipaphis erysimi (mustard aphid) and reported that the best insecticidal combination was Carbosulfan + profenofos followed by Advantage + Imidacloprid, Carbosulfan + acetamiprid, and Carbosulfan + triazofos.

5. Conclusion

The data on mortality of mealybugs indicated effectiveness of different insecticides and their mixtures in decreasing the mealybug population. Talstar, Talstar + Imidacloprid, and Advantage + Talstar proved to be the most effective insecticide treatments for the control of mealybugs. Overall insecticides showed increasing trend in the mortality with increased concentrations. The present study suggests that Talstar, Talstar + Imidacloprid, and Advantage + Talstar are effective pesticides against mealybugs and can act as better tools in pest management for mealybug menace to crops, vegetation, and ornamental plants. The study also emphasizes checking the bioefficacy, nontarget effects, and residual toxicity of these insecticide mixtures under field conditions.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

R. Ranjan, “Economic impacts of Pink Hibiscus Mealybug in Florida and the United States,” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 353–362, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar | MathSciNet
G. Abbas, M. J. Arif, M. Ashfaq, M. Aslam, and S. Saeed, “Host plants distribution and overwintering of cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis; hemiptera: pseudococcidae),” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 421–425, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Ben-Dov, D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson, “ScaleNet: A Searchable Information System on Scale Insects,” 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
D. A. Downie and P. J. Gullan, “Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification,” Systematic Entomology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 238–259, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. R. Miller and D. J. Williams, “A new species of mealybug in the genus Pseudococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) of quarantine importance,” Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 305–311, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
H. L. McKenzie, Mealybugs of California with Taxonomy, Biology and Control of North American Species, University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif, USA, 1967.
C. J. Hodgson, G. Abbas, M. J. Arif, S. Saeed, and H. Karar, “Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea:Pseudococcidae), a new invasive species attacking cotton in Pakistan and India, with a discussion on seasonal morphological variation,” Zootaxa, vol. 19, no. 13, pp. 1–33, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
R. H. Gonzalez, J. G. Poblete, and P. G. Barria, “The tree fruit mealybug in Chile, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae),” Revista Fruticola, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Sazo, J. E. Araya, and J. de la Cerda, “Effect of a siliconate coadjuvant and insecticides in the control of mealybug of grapevines, Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae),” Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 177–184, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
K. M. Daane, W. J. Bentley, V. M. Walton et al., “New controls investigated for vine mealybug,” California Agriculture, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. B. Oliver, D. C. Fare, N. Youseff, M. A. Halcomb, M. E. Reding, and C. M. Ranger, “Evaluation of systemic insecticides for potato leafhopper control in field-grown red maple,” Journal of Environmental Horticulture, vol. 27, pp. 17–23, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
S. I. Hussain, M. A. Saleem, and S. Freed, “Toxicity of some insecticides to control mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae, a serious pest of mango in Pakistan,” Pakistan Journal of Zoology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 353–359, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
R. C. Jhala, M. G. Patel, and T. M. Bharpoda, “Evaluation of insecticides for the management of mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in cotton,” Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 101–102, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
A. G. Lanjar, A. W. Solangi, S. A. Khuhro, A. Bukero, R. A. Buriro, and M. N. Rais, “Insecticide application tactics to suppress population of drosicha mangiferae (green),” European Academic Research, vol. 2, no. 8, article 11382, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
M. N. R. Attique, A. Khaliq, and A. H. Sayyed, “Could resistance to insecticides in Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) be overcome by insecticide mixtures?” Journal of Applied Entomology, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 122–127, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. R. Khan, I. Rasool, S. Ahmed, A. Oviedo, M. Arshad, and K. Zia, “Individual and combined efficacy of different insecticides against Lipaphis erysimi (kalt) (Homoptera: Aphididae),” Pakistan Entomologist, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 157–160, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
S. K. Pal and D. Gupta, “Pest control,” in Training and Fellowships Program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India, 1994, http://oar.icrisat.org/2424/1/Pest-Control.pdf.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Tan, A. Biondi, N. Desneux, and X.-W. Gao, “Assessment of physiological sublethal effects of imidacloprid on the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür),” Ecotoxicology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1989–1997, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Desneux, R. Denoyelle, and L. Kaiser, “A multi-step bioassay to assess the effect of the deltamethrin on the parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi,” Chemosphere, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 1697–1706, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Nauen, U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, V. L. Salgado, and M. Kaussmann, “Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid precursor converted to clothianidin in insects and plants,” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 55–69, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ramirez-Romero, N. Desneux, A. Decourtye, A. Chaffiol, and M. H. Pham-Delègue, “Does Cry1Ab protein affect learning performances of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)?” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 327–333, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Han, C.-Y. Niu, C.-L. Lei, J.-J. Cui, and N. Desneux, “Use of an innovative T-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to assess sublethal effects of GM products and pesticides on learning capacity of the honey bee Apis mellifera L.,” Ecotoxicology, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1612–1619, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. G. D. Steel and J. H. Torrie, Principles and Procedures of Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1980.
T. Wismer, “Novel insecticides,” in Clinical Veterinary Toxicology, K. H. Plum Lee, Ed., pp. 184–185, Mosby, St Louis, Miss, USA, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
C. D. S. Tomlin, The Pesticide Manual. A World Compendium, British Crop Protection Council, Surry, UK, 14th edition, 2006.
T. Rudramuni, K. M. S. Reddy, and C. T. A. Kumar, “Bio-efficacy of new insecticidal molecules against insect-pests of cotton,” Journal of Farm Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 49–58, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Karar, M. J. Arif, H. A. Sayyed, M. Ashfaq, and M. A. Khan, “Comparative efficacy of new and old insecticides for the control of mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) in mango orchards,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 443–446, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
N. D. Nikam, B. H. Patel, and D. M. Korat, “Biology of invasive mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cotton,” Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 649–651, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Karnataka, D. Nikamn, B. H. Patel, and M. Korat, “Laboratory and field efficacy of selected insecticides against mealy bug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley infesting cotton,” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 712–715, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
N. N. Pachundkar, P. K. Borad, and P. A. Patil, “Evaluation of various synthetic insecticides against sucking insect pests of cluster bean,” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1–6, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Samman Fatima et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

7295

Downloads

1991

Citations