Photomediated Larvicidal Activity of Pheophorbide a against Cercaria Larvae of Fasciola gigantica
Table 1
In vitro toxicity of pure pheophorbide a (Pa) in laboratory, sunlight, and different spectra of visible light conditions against cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica.
Exposure period
Treatment
LC50 (mg/10 mL)
Limits LCL
Limits UCL
Slope value
-ratio
-value
Heterogeneity
2 h
Pa-laboratory
0.53
0.18
10.96
0.98 ± 0.38
2.52
0.60
0.40
Pa-sunlight
0.05
0.03
0.11
1.06 ± 0.27
3.92
0.24
0.29
Pa-violet (400 nm)
0.30
0.13
11.41
1.17 ± 0.38
3.87
0.40
0.28
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.18
0.16
12.41
1.21 ± 0.36
3.27
0.42
0.22
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.12
0.08
0.41
1.38 ± 0.34
4.05
0.23
0.17
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.16
0.09
1.19
1.12 ± 0.32
3.50
0.31
0.14
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.09
0.05
0.84
1.21 ± 0.32
2.99
0.42
0.16
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.84 ± 0.25
3.36
0.34
0.14
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.05
0.03
0.11
0.90 ± 0.26
3.38
0.33
0.14
4 h
Pa-laboratory
0.20
0.09
9.37
0.84 ± 0.29
2.86
0.60
0.29
Pa-sunlight
0.02
0.009
0.032
0.87 ± 0.25
3.69
0.24
0.30
Pa-violet (400 nm)
0.30
0.13
11.41
1.17 ± 0.38
3.07
0.40
0.28
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.18
0.08
1.91
1.06 ± 0.31
3.42
0.42
0.08
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.10
0.06
0.49
0.98 ± 0.28
3.44
0.23
0.13
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.16
0.09
1.19
1.12 ± 0.32
3.55
0.31
0.14
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.04
0.025
0.10
0.76 ± 0.24
2.95
0.42
0.07
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.01
0.002
0.019
0.84 ± 0.26
4.04
0.34
0.09
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.02
0.016
0.04
0.84 ± 0.25
3.25
0.33
0.15
6 h
Pa-laboratory
0.16
0.07
3.87
0.67 ± 0.27
2.47
0.62
0.10
Pa-sunlight
0.07
0.002
0.018
0.90 ± 0.26
3.44
0.32
0.40
Pa-violet (400 nm)
0.14
0.07
1.01
1.00 ± 0.29
3.37
0.33
0.19
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.03
0.06
1.21
0.52 ± 0.25
2.06
0.89
0.06
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.06
0.041
0.43
0.75 ± 0.26
2.83
0.47
0.07
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.06
0.03
0.27
0.78 ± 0.25
2.96
0.43
0.13
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.78 ± 0.25
3.21
0.41
0.09
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.007
0.001
0.012
0.96 ± 0.27
4.89
0.31
0.17
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.01
0.003
0.02
0.78 ± 0.25
3.62
0.41
0.14
8 h
Pa-laboratory
0.07
0.049
0.11
1.04 ± 0.03
3.23
0.38
0.12
Pa-sunlight
0.008
0.003
0.013
1.26 ± 0.28
5.85
0.19
0.62
Pa-violet (400 nm)
0.14
0.07
1.01
1.00 ± 0.29
3.37
0.33
0.19
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.03
0.06
1.21
0.52 ± 0.25
2.06
0.89
0.06
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.06
0.041
0.43
0.75 ± 0.26
2.83
0.47
0.07
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.02
0.03
0.27
0.78 ± 0.25
2.96
0.43
0.13
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.008
0.01
0.03
0.78 ± 0.25
3.21
0.41
0.09
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.006
0.001
0.012
0.16 ± 0.26
4.89
0.31
0.17
Pa-white (400–650nm)
0.007
0.001
0.014
0.86 ± 0.26
4.43
0.26
0.17
Pa: pheophorbide a. Six replicates of ten cercaria larvae were exposed to different concentrations of pure Pa treatment under different light exposure and laboratory conditions. Mortality was recorded every 2 h interval. Concentration given is the final concentration (W/V) in the glass aquarium water. Significant negative regression () was observed between exposure time and LC50 of treatments. Ts: testing significant of the regression coefficient, Pa-lab: 15.88++, Pa-SL: 16.22++, Pa-violet: 7.56+, Pa-blue:- 6.10+, Pa-green: 8.79+, Pa-yellow: 7.64+, Pa-orange: 3.80++, Pa-red: 12.11++, Pa-white: 16.62++. +, linear regression between and . ++, nonlinear regression between log and log . LCL: lower confidence limits, UCL: upper confidence limits.
