Based on long-term rainfall measurements (1956–2012), water level records (1956–2006), and aquatic plants field survey data (1960–2014), the relationship between precipitation and aquatic vegetation succession in east Taihu Lake, China, is studied. Neither abrupt changes nor any trends were found in the annual rainfall series in Taihu Lake during the studied period (1956–2012). However, for seasonal variations, statistically significant decreases are found in spring and autumn, while the rainfall in winter exhibits statistically significant increase. No significant trend was obtained in summer. A “dry” period was detected in our studied period (1963/1964~1978/1979). Total annual rainfall was significantly positively correlated to the number of rain-days (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M1" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 42.2948 8.55521" width="42.2948pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-115" d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.12,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.383,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.623,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.587,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.827,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg>) and the water level (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M2" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 42.2948 8.55521" width="42.2948pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-115"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.12,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.383,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.587,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.827,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g></svg>). Our results indicate that the variations of rainfall and water level may have an impact on the aquatic plants in Taihu Lake. The dry period may be not suitable for the growth of the aquatic plants. All aquatic plants in Taihu Lake were dramatically reduced in the dry period, especially for submerged macrophytes and floating-leaf macrophytes. Our results may be helpful for the aquatic restoration in the future.

Yehui Zhang

Na Yang

Jiawei Xu

Yixing Yin

Long-Term Study of the Relationship between Precipitation and Aquatic Vegetation Succession in East Taihu Lake, China

<i>Melocanna baccifera</i> (Roxb.) Kurz is an economically important bamboo of North-East India experiencing population depletion in its natural habitats. Genetic variation studies were conducted in 7 populations sampled from 5 districts of Manipur using ISSR molecular markers. The investigation was carried out as a primary step towards developing effective conservation strategies for the protection of bamboo germplasm. ISSR marker analysis showed significant level of genetic variation within the populations as revealed by moderately high average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (<i>H</i> 0.1639), Shannon’s diversity index (<i>I</i> 0.2563), percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB 59.18), total genetic variation (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" id="M1" height="11.9316pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 13.5604 11.9316" width="13.5604pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-73" d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"><path id="g58-114" d="M303 37L293 66C280 59 256 49 231 49S173 63 173 143V396H281C294 404 298 428 287 439H173V575L158 577L92 509V439H46L17 408L22 396H92V107C92 27 128 -12 192 -12C203 -12 218 -9 237 2L303 37Z"/></g></svg> 0.1961), and genetic diversity within population (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" id="M2" height="11.9316pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 14.145 11.9316" width="14.145pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-73"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.075,3.132)"><path id="g58-113" d="M327 325C324 350 312 408 304 433C283 442 256 451 213 451C120 451 59 391 59 320C59 243 125 210 188 181C237 158 266 136 266 93C266 52 231 24 195 24C134 24 93 81 74 148L42 143C42 106 51 37 59 23C78 8 125 -12 177 -12C257 -12 345 35 345 127C345 198 292 234 216 264C171 283 131 305 131 348C131 387 156 416 195 416C243 416 277 378 297 317L327 325Z"/></g></svg> 0.1639). The study also divulged a high genetic variation at species level with Shannon’s diversity index (<i>I</i>), Nei’s genetic diversity (<i>H</i>), and percentage of polymorphic band (PPB%) recorded at 0.3218, 0.1939, and 88.37, respectively. Genetic differentiation among the populations (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2957pt" id="M3" height="11.9316pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.6964 11.9316" width="15.6964pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-72" d="M673 297H417L411 270C517 261 522 258 506 183L487 92C476 38 428 19 360 19C207 19 123 132 123 287C123 472 243 631 441 631C557 631 617 583 617 469L647 472C650 545 655 604 658 632C625 643 554 666 467 666C201 666 23 502 23 278C23 90 156 -16 339 -16C410 -16 501 6 569 24C566 43 567 70 573 101L589 183C604 259 607 262 667 271L673 297Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.827,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g58-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.203,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g58-114"/></g></svg>) was merely 19.42% leaving 80.58% of genetic variation exhibited within the populations. The low genetic diversity between populations was consistent with AMOVA. The low genetic differentiation among populations coupled with existence of significantly high genetic diversity at species level indicated the urgent necessity of preserving and protecting all the existing natural bamboo populations in the region.

Heikrujam Nilkanta

Thoungamba Amom

Leimapokpam Tikendra

Hamidur Rahaman

Potshangbam Nongdam

ISSR Marker Based Population Genetic Study of<i> Melocanna baccifera</i> (Roxb.) Kurz: A Commercially Important Bamboo of Manipur, North-East India

In order to control cyanobacteria blooms with silver carp in Lake Taihu, an in situ experiment was carried out by stocking silver carp at a biomass of 35, 70, and 150 g <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M1" height="11.6412pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 21.3139 11.6412" width="21.3139pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g121-107" d="M797 0V26C739 32 732 36 732 103V296C732 394 682 449 605 449C576 449 550 437 529 423C504 407 475 389 446 366C425 418 382 449 334 449C303 449 279 437 253 421C222 403 201 385 180 371V452C135 432 85 419 41 411V388C99 379 102 374 102 310V103C102 38 93 32 27 26V0H238V26C189 32 180 38 180 103V338C210 363 250 390 289 390C351 390 377 348 377 275V103C377 37 368 32 306 26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.647,-5.741)"><path id="g54-33" d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.207,-5.741)"><path id="g50-52" d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z"/></g></svg> and no carp control in waterproof enclosures. Physicochemical water parameters and biomass of plankton were measured in enclosures to evaluate the suitable stocking density of silver carp for relieving internal nutrients and constraining cyanobacteria growth in Lake Taihu. It is found that the 35 g <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M2" height="11.6412pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 21.3139 11.6412" width="21.3139pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g121-107"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.647,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g54-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.207,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-52"/></g></svg> silver carp group and 70 g <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M3" height="11.6412pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 21.3139 11.6412" width="21.3139pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g121-107"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.647,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g54-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.207,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-52"/></g></svg> silver carp group presented lower total phosphorus, lower chlorophyll-<i>a</i>, and higher water transparency. Increased nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, which indicated the result of algae decline in fish presence enclosures, was attributed to decline of phosphorus. Phosphorus decline also exerted limitation on reestablish of cyanobacteria bloom. Crustacean zooplankton biomass and<i> Microcystis</i> biomass decreased significantly in fish presence enclosures. Silver carp could be more effective to regulate algae bloom in enclosures with dense cyanobacteria. Therefore, nonclassic manipulation is supposed to be appropriate method to get rid of cyanobacteria blooms in Lake Taihu by stocking 35 to 70 g <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M4" height="11.6412pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 21.3139 11.6412" width="21.3139pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g121-107"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.647,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g54-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,16.207,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-52"/></g></svg> silver carp in application.

Chengjie Yin

Longgen Guo

Chunlong Yi

Congqiang Luo

Leyi Ni

Physicochemical Process, Crustacean, and<i> Microcystis</i> Biomass Changes In Situ Enclosure after Introduction of Silver Carp at Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

With the intensification of human activities over the past three decades in China, adverse effects on river ecosystem become more serious especially in the Hanjiang River. Xiangyang site is an important spawn ground for four domestic fishes in the downstream region of Hanjiang River. Based on the field survey results of macrophytes during 1997&#x2013;2000 and 2013-2014, community succession of aquatic macrophytes at Xiangyang site was evaluated and discussed. Two-key ecologic-related hydrologic characteristics, flow regime and water level, were identified as the main influence factors. The EFC (environmental flow components) parameters were adopted to evaluate the alteration of flow regimes at Xiangyang site during 1941&#x2013;2013. Evaluation results demonstrate a highly altered flow process after being regulated by reservoir. The flow patterns tend to be an attenuation process with no large floods occurring but a higher monthly low flow. Furthermore, the water level decreased and fluctuation reduced after the dam was built, which caused the decrease of biomass but favored the submerged macrophytes during 1995&#x2013;2009. However, with the water level increasing after 2010 and gently fluctuating, due to uplift by the hydraulic projects downstream as well as the flow attenuation, the dominant position of submerged macrophytes will be weakened.

Kai Duan

Effect of Hydrologic Alteration on the Community Succession of Macrophytes at Xiangyang Site, Hanjiang River, China

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by<i> Fasciola gigantica</i>. The freshwater snail<i> Lymnaea acuminata</i> is the intermediate host of<i> F. gigantica</i> which cause endemic fasciolosis in the northern part of India. To investigate larvicidal activity of pure and laboratory extracted pheophorbide a (Pa) against cercaria larvae of<i> F. gigantica</i>, data were analyzed in different spectra of visible light, sunlight, and laboratory conditions. Photostimulation of chlorophyll derivative pheophorbide a (Pa) caused time and concentration dependent larvicidal activity against cercaria larvae of<i> F. gigantica</i>. Larvicidal activity of pure Pa under 650&#x2009;nm and 400&#x2013;650&#x2009;nm (8&#x2009;h LC<sub>50</sub> 0.006&#x2009;mg/10&#x2009;mL) was more pronounced than extracted Pa under same irradiations (650&#x2009;nm LC<sub>50</sub> 0.12&#x2009;mg/10&#x2009;mL, 400&#x2013;650&#x2009;nm LC<sub>50</sub> 0.14&#x2009;mg/10&#x2009;mL). Lowest toxicity of pure (8&#x2009;h LC<sub>50</sub> 0.14&#x2009;mg/10&#x2009;mL) and extracted Pa (8&#x2009;h LC<sub>50</sub> 1.25&#x2009;mg/10&#x2009;mL) was noted under 400&#x2009;nm. Pa was found to be toxic in laboratory conditions also. The results presented in this paper indicate that pheophorbide a possess potential larvicidal activity against<i> Fasciola gigantica</i> larvae in different wavelengths of visible light, sunlight, and laboratory conditions.

Divya Jyoti Singh

Vinay Kumar Singh

D. K. Singh

Photomediated Larvicidal Activity of Pheophorbide a against Cercaria Larvae of<i> Fasciola gigantica</i>

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Table of Contents: 2017

Long-Term Study of the Relationship between Precipitation and Aquatic Vegetation Succession in East Taihu Lake, China

ISSR Marker Based Population Genetic Study of Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz: A Commercially Important Bamboo of Manipur, North-East India

Physicochemical Process, Crustacean, and Microcystis Biomass Changes In Situ Enclosure after Introduction of Silver Carp at Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

Effect of Hydrologic Alteration on the Community Succession of Macrophytes at Xiangyang Site, Hanjiang River, China

Photomediated Larvicidal Activity of Pheophorbide a against Cercaria Larvae of Fasciola gigantica