A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

Table 17

Structural watermarking techniques criteria analysis.

Algorithm name	Embedding capacity	Invisibility	DR	Limitations	Language compatibility
Bender et al., 1996 [44]	Low	Middle	Low	Unpleasant gaps between words	Multilingual
Lee and Tsai, 2008 [42]	Low	Middle	Modest	Unpleasant characters between words	Multilingual
Cheng and et al., 2010 [45]	Very high	Middle	Modest	Highlight worlds	Multilingual
Gutub and et al., 2007 [49]	Low	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant wide “Keshida” between words	Exclusive (Arabic/Persian)
Gutub and et al., 2010 [47]	Medium	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant wide “Keshida” between words	Exclusive (Arabic/Persian)
Alginahi et al., 2013 [20]	Medium	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant wide “Keshida” between words	Exclusive (Arabic/Persian)
Alginahi et al., 2014 [21]	High	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant wide “Keshida” between words	Exclusive (Arabic/Persian)
Chou et al., 2012 [46]	Medium	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant gaps between words	Multilingual
Por et al., 2012 [22]	Medium	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant gaps between words	Multilingual
Mir, 2014 [12]	High	Imperceptible	Modest	Only applicable to HTML files	Multilingual
Taleby Ahvanooey and Tabasi, 2014 [15]	Low	Imperceptible	High	Depends on punctuation characters	Multilingual
Taleby Ahvanooey et al., 2015 [16]	Medium	Imperceptible	High	Depends on punctuation characters	Multilingual
Alotaibi and Elrefaei, 2016 [43]	Low	Imperceptible	Modest	Depends on pointed and unpainted characters	Exclusive (Arabic/Persian)
Taleby Ahvanooey et al., 2016 [11]	High	Imperceptible	High	Depends on dots (.) characters	Multilingual
Alotaibi and Elrefaei, 2017 [19]	Low	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant wide “Keshida” and gaps between words	First: (Arabic/Persian); Second: (Multilingual)
Rizzo et al. 2016 [29]; Rizzo et al. 2017 [48]	High	Imperceptible	Low	Depends on font type (homoglyph Unicode characters) and unpleasant gaps between words	Exclusive (English)
Al-Nofaei et al. (2016) [50]	Medium	Imperceptible	Modest	Unpleasant wide “Keshida” and gaps between words	Exclusive (Arabic/Persian)