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| Reference | Solution | Advantages |
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| [54] | An innovative fog security service | Uses identity-based signature and encryption to effectively protect the sensitive data transmitted to the fog node |
| [56, 57] | Two detection techniques | Detects malicious code attacks stably |
| [58] | A hybrid detection technology | Extends cloud-based detection technology to fog nodes |
| [59–61] | Offloading schemes driven by the improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm | Uses the multicriterion decision technique and similarity prioritization technique to protect privacy with minimized service delay |
| [62] | An efficient centralized security architecture based on fog environment | Protects the privacy of patients and the security of medical data through the device-edge-cloud transmission route |
| [17] | A service recommendation method based on amplified location-sensitive hash | Ensures privacy security of distributed quality data during cross-platform communication from multiple platforms |
| [63] | A new fog choreography concept | Realizes the security and efficient delivery of the service |
| [64] | A middleware featuring end-to-end security for cloud-fog communications | Uses middleware to provide fast, light-weight, and resource-aware security for a wide variety of IoT applications |
| [65] | A hierarchical data aggregation scheme for efficient privacy protection | Prevents personal privacy leaks while resisting external attacks |
| [66] | A security model based on fog-IoT network | Introduces the active security scheme with low latency and ultratrustworthiness into fog-IoT network |
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