A Blockchain-Based Sealed-Bid e-Auction Scheme with Smart Contract and Zero-Knowledge Proof

Table 1

Abbreviations and notations.

Abbr./notation	Full name
P2P	Peer-to-peer communication
ECC	Elliptic curves cryptography
RSA	Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm
DSA	Digital signature algorithm
ZK-STARK	A kind of zero-knowledge system: scalable transparent argument of knowledge
ZK-SNARK	A kind of zero-knowledge system: succinct noninteractive arguments of knowledge
	The bidder with ID i
I	The set of all bidders’ IDs
	The winning price
	The bid price of bidder i
	The random blinding factor of bidder i
G, H	Two generating points on specific elliptic curves to encrypt bid price
	The commitment price of price
C	The commitment price of the winning price
	The differential commitment price of C and
	The public key of the smart contract