Research Article

The Optimal Carrier-Secret Ratio for Wireless Covert Channels Based on Constellation Shaping Modulation

Figure 12

KS distances of constellation errors with different CSRs: (a) KS distances of I vectors, (b) KS distances of Q vectors, (c) KS distances of magnitudes, and (d) KS distances of phase.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)