A Survey on the Noncooperative Environment in Smart Nodes-Based Ad Hoc Networks: Motivations and Solutions

Table 4

Fundamental/classical selfishness management schemes.

Article	Mechanism	Description
Marti et al. [37], 2000	Reputation and detection	(i) Well-known as watchdog and pathrater
		(ii) Watchdog detects misbehaving nodes and pathrater blocks targeted nodes
Boudec and le [44], 2002	Trust and detection	(i) CONFIDENT, a reactive routing protocol that uses four major modules for detection and blockage of selfish nodes
Buttyan and hubaux [51], 2003	Detection and incentive-based	(i) Only the cooperative nodes are allowed to transfer their data
		(ii) The concept of virtual currency is used by introducing packet trade and packet purs
Zhong et al. [52], 2003	Incentive-based	(i) A credit-based incentive exchange scheme is used
		(ii) The scheme particularly targets mobility in MANETs like networks
Chen et al. [26], 2011	Evolutionary game-based	(i) Nodes operate according to a predefined set of states
		(ii) The nodes adjust their selfishness level with time