Research Article
The Effects of Acupuncture Treatment on Sleep Quality and on Emotional Measures among Individuals Living with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
Table 1
Objective and subjective sleep measures (means and standard deviations) after each phase of the study and analysis of the comparisons between them.
| | Objective and subjective sleep measures | Baseline level
Mean (SD) | Last week of acupuncture treatment
Mean (SD) | | value |
| | Total time in bed (minutes) | 480.98 (97.52) | 475.39 (96.82) | 0.36 | 0.722 | | Sleep onset latency (minutes) | 26.63 (26.71) | 14.32 (12.81) | 2.21 | 0.040 | | Sleep percentage (%) | 84.20 (10.76) | 89.86 (7.14) | 2.90 | 0.010 | | Mean activity level | 20.04 (9.43) | 13.26 (7.63) | 3.20 | 0.005 | | Wake time after sleep onset | 67.43 (45.86) | 46.58 (32.64) | 2.92 | 0.009 | | Mean number of wake episodes | 7.21 (4.81) | 5.42 (2.31) | 2.26 | 0.040 | | Mean wake episode (minutes) | 3.76 (1.62) | 2.85 (1.54) | 2.49 | 0.023 | | Longest wake episode (minutes) | 25.71 (19.20) | 18.16 (11.55) | 2.87 | 0.010 | | Subjective Sleep Quality (MSQ questionnaire) | 3.64 (1.15) | 3.42 (1.09) | 2.152 | 0.187 | | Subjective Sleep Quality (PSQI questionnaire) |
0.95 (±0.53) | (±) | 1.632 | 0.119 |
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