The Association between Psychological Distress and Self-Reported Sleep Duration in a Population-Based Sample of Women and Men
Table 1
Prevalence of serious psychological distress, short sleep duration, and long sleep duration, by selected sociodemographic characteristics among adults aged ≥18 years in 5 states: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013.
Characteristic
No.
Serious psychological
Short sleep duration
Long sleep duration
distress, %
(≤6 hours), %
(≥9 hours), %
(95% CI)
P ()
(95% CI)
P ()
(95% CI)
P ()
Overall
36,859
4.0 (3.7, 4.4)
33.9 (33.1, 34.7)
7.8 (7.3, 8.2)
Gender
Men
15,361
3.1 (2.6, 3.6)
<.001
35.7 (34.4, 36.9)
<.001
6.9 (6.2, 7.5)
<.001
Women
21,498
4.9 (4.4, 5.4)
32.3 (31.3, 33.4)
8.6 (8.0, 9.2)
Age (years)
18–24
1,707
3.9 (2.7, 5.1)
<.001
31.0 (28.1, 33.9)
<.001
10.8 (8.9, 12.6)
<.001
25–34
3,416
4.9 (3.8, 6.0)
40.5 (38.2, 42.7)
6.2 (5.0, 7.4)
35–44
4,730
4.4 (3.6, 5.2)
35.5 (33.5, 37.6)
6.0 (4.9, 7.1)
45–64
15,332
4.7 (4.2, 5.3)
35.4 (34.2, 36.6)
5.8 (5.2, 6.4)
≥65
11,674
1.5 (1.2, 1.9)
25.5 (24.2, 26.8)
13.0 (12.0, 14.0)
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
31,506
3.9 (3.5, 4.2)
.09
32.3 (31.4, 33.1)
<.001
7.8 (7.3, 8.2)
.13
Black, non-Hispanic
1,485
5.1 (3.3, 6.9)
43.7 (39.8, 47.5)
8.5 (6.3, 10.6)
American Indian or Alaskan Native
321
6.6 (2.9, 10.3)
48.9 (40.0, 57.7)
8.7 (4.7, 12.7)
Asian
629
2.1 (0.5, 3.7)
36.8 (31.5, 42.1)
4.6 (1.9, 7.3)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
76
4.3 (0.0, 9.5)
33.9 (20.4, 47.3)
2.8 (0.0, 6.7)
Other race, non-Hispanic
303
4.6 (1.1, 8.0)
42.2 (32.4, 52.0)
6.9 (2.2, 11.7)
Multiracial, non-Hispanic
584
6.0 (2.3, 9.6)
40.5 (32.7, 48.2)
12.7 (4.6, 20.8)
Hispanic
1,955
4.7 (3.3, 6.1)
36.3 (33.3, 39.3)
7.9 (6.1, 9.7)
Marital status
Married
20,035
2.6 (2.2, 3.0)
<.001
31.1 (30.1, 32.1)
<.001
7.2 (6.6, 7.8)
.02
Previously married
10,547
6.4 (5.6, 7.1)
39.4 (37.8, 41.0)
8.1 (7.4, 8.9)
Never married
6,277
5.3 (4.4, 6.1)
35.8 (33.9, 37.7)
8.7 (7.6, 9.7)
Educational attainment
Did not graduate high school
2,026
9.8 (7.9, 11.7)
<.001
39.9 (36.8, 43.0)
<.001
10.6 (8.6, 12.6)
<.001
Graduated high school
9,174
4.7 (4.0, 5.4)
36.3 (34.7, 37.9)
8.5 (7.6, 9.5)
Some college or technical school
11,090
3.7 (3.2, 4.3)
35.1 (33.7, 36.4)
7.1 (6.4, 7.8)
Graduated college or technical school
14,569
1.2 (0.9, 1.4)
27.7 (26.6, 28.8)
6.6 (6.0, 7.2)
Annual household income
<$25,000
7,991
9.9 (8.8, 11.0)
<.001
41.2 (39.4, 43.0)
<.001
9.0 (7.9, 10.1)
<.001
$25,000–$49,999
8,346
2.7 (2.1, 3.2)
35.5 (33.8, 37.2)
8.5 (7.4, 9.6)
≥$50,000
15,798
1.0 (0.8, 1.3)
29.8 (28.7, 30.9)
6.0 (5.4, 6.6)
Missing
4,724
5.3 (4.2, 6.4)
32.0 (29.8, 34.3)
9.6 (8.3, 10.9)
Employment
Employed
19,135
1.7 (1.4, 2.0)
<.001
35.0 (34.0, 36.1)
<.001
5.2 (4.7, 5.8)
<.001
Unemployed
1,900
10.0 (7.8, 12.1)
39.5 (36.1, 43.0)
10.2 (8.2, 12.2)
Homemaker/student
2,993
3.9 (2.8, 5.0)
28.2 (25.7, 30.8)
8.4 (7.0, 9.8)
Retired
10,551
1.6 (1.2, 2.0)
24.6 (23.2, 25.9)
13.0 (11.9, 14.1)
Unable to work
2,280
25.4 (22.4, 28.5)
53.5 (50.1, 57.0)
12.8 (10.5, 15.1)
Health insurance coverage
33,112
3.4 (3.2, 3.9)
<.001
32.7 (31.9, 33.5)
<.001
.04
Note. Weighted percentages; unweighted numbers. CI = confidence interval.
