Research Article

Multiswarm Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization with Simulated Annealing for Extracting Multiple Tests

Table 1

Summarizes different application domains in which PSO algorithms have been applied for different purposes.

CategoriesReferencesAlgorithmTypes of optimization problemsModern optimization techniques
UnconstrainedConstrainedContinuousDiscreteSingle-objectiveMultiobjectiveSingle-swarmMultiswarm

Academia and scientometrics[22]Particle swarm optimization
Based on multiobjective functions with uniform design (MOPSO-UD)
XXXMultiobjective PSO with uniform design generates the initial population instead of traditional random methods
[23]R2-based multi/many-objective particle swarm optimizationXXXThe proposed approach used R2 as an indicator to navigate swarms through the search space in multiobjective PSO
[21]An improved version, circular crowded sorting, and combined with multiobjective PSOXXXThe individuals of initial populations across the search space to be better at gathering the Pareto frontier
[20]An adaptive local search method for multiobjective PSOXXXAn adaptive local search method for multiobjective PSO using the time variance search space index to improve the diversity of solutions and convergence
[24]Combining utopia point-guided search with multiobjective PSOXXXA strategy that selects the best individuals that are located near the utopia points
[19]A novel MOPSO with enhanced local search ability and parameter-less sharingXXXThe proposed approach estimates the density of the particles’ neighborhood in the search space. Initially, the proposed method accurately determines the crowding factor of the solutions; in later stages, it effectively guides the entire swarm to converge close to the true Pareto front
[28]Chaotic particle swarm optimizationXXXThe work improves the diversity of the population and uses simplified mesh reduction and gene exchange to improve the performance of the algorithm
[32]A coevolutionary technique based on multiswarm particle swarm optimizationXXXXThe authors combined their proposed algorithm with special boundary constraint processing and a velocity update strategy to help with the diversity and convergence speed
[31]Particle swarm optimization algorithm based on dynamic boundary search for constrained optimizationXXXThe authors proposed a strategy based on dynamic search boundaries to help escape the local optima
[30]A new PSO-based algorithm (FC-MOPSO)XXXXXXFC-MOPSO algorithm can work on a mix-up of constrained, unconstrained, continuous and/or discrete, single-objective, multiobjective optimization problems algorithm that can work on a mix-up of constrained, unconstrained, continuous, and/or discrete optimization problems
[15]A novel particle swarm optimization algorithm with multiple learning strategies (PSO-MLS)XXXXThe authors proposed an approach for multiswarm PSO that pairs the velocity update of some swarms with different methods such as the periodically stochastic learning strategy or random mutation learning strategy.
[16]Cellular Learning Automata (CLA) for multiswarm PSOXXXXEach swarm is placed on a cell of the CLA, and each particle’s velocity is affected by some other particles. The connected particles are adjusted overtime via periods of learning
[17]Improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on dynamical topology and purposeful detecting.XXXIn order to balance the search capabilities between swarms. The extensive experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the three proposed strategies used in MSPSO
[29]Particle swarm optimization with differential evolution (DE) strategyXXXXThe purpose is to achieve high-performance multiobjective optimization
[26]Coevolutionary multiswarm PSOXXXTo modify the velocity update equation to increase search information and diversity solutions to avoid local Pareto front. The results show superior performance in solving optimization problems

Application (artificial intelligence)[18]Particle swarm optimization with local searchXXXXThe authors proposed a strategy to improve the speed of convergence of multiswarm PSO for robots’ movements in a complex environment with obstacles. Additionally, the authors combine the local search strategy with multiswarm PSO to prevent the robots from converging at the same locations when they try to get to their targets
[27]Based on new leader selection strategy to improved particle swarm optimizationXXXThe algorithm used triangular distance to select leader individuals that cover different regions in the Pareto frontier. The authors also included an update strategy for with respect to their connected leaders. MOPSO tridist was shown to outperform other multiobjective PSOs, and the authors illustrated the algorithm’s application with the digital watermarking problem for RBG images
[13, 14]Discrete PSOXXXFor solving the problem of transmitting information on networks. The work result proves that the proposed discrete PSO outperforms Simulated Annealing (SA)

Application (multichoice question test extraction)[2]Novel approach of particle swarm optimization (PSO)XXXXThe dynamic question generation system is built to select tailored questions for each learner from the item bank to satisfy multiple assessment requirements. The experimental results show that the PSO approach is suitable for the selection of near-optimal questions from large-scale item banks
[3]Particle swarm optimization (PSO)XXXXXThe authors used particle swarm optimization to generate tests with approximating difficulties to the required levels from users. The experiment result shows that PSO gives the best performance concerning most of the criteria
[33]Multiswarm single-objective particle swarm optimizationXXXXXThe authors use particle swarm optimization to generate multitests with approximating difficulties to the required levels from users. In this parallel stage, migration happens between swarms to exchange information between running threads to improve the convergence and diversities of solutions