|
| Congenital heart disease |
|
| Ventricular/atrial septal defect |
| Patent ductus arteriosus |
| Aortic/mitral stenosis |
| Coarctation |
| Cardiac rhabdomyoma |
| Complex congenital heart defects |
|
| Acquired heart disease |
|
| Rheumatic heart disease |
| Prosthetic heart valve |
| Endocarditis |
| Cardiomyopathy |
| Myocarditis |
| Atrial myxoma |
| Arrhythmia |
|
| Systemic vascular disease |
|
| Systemic hypertension |
| Volume depletion or systemic hypotension |
| Hypernatremia |
| Superior vena cava syndrome |
| Diabetes |
|
| Vasculitis |
|
| Meningitis |
| Systemic infection |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Polyarteritis nodosa |
| Granulomatous angiitis |
| Takayasu's arteritis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Dermatomyositis |
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Drug abuse (cocaine, amphetamines) |
| Hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
|
| Vasculopathies |
|
| Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
| Homocystinuria |
| Moyamoya syndrome |
| Fabry's disease |
| Malignant atrophic papulosis |
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticurn |
| NADH-CoQ reductase deficiency |
|
| Vasospastic disorders |
|
| Migraine |
| Ergot poisoning |
| Vasospasm with subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
| Hematologic disorders and coagulopathies |
|
| Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, sickle |
| cell-hemoglobin C, sickle-thalassemia) |
| Immune thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Thrombocytosis |
| Polycythemia |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| Leukemia or other neoplasms |
| Congenital coagulation defects |
| Oral contraceptive use |
| Antithrombin III deficiency |
| Protein S deficiency |
| Protein C deficiency |
| Congenital serum C2 deficiency |
| Liver dysfunction with coagulation defect |
| Vitamin K deficiency |
| Lupus anticoagulant |
| Anticardiolipin antibodies |
|
| Structural anomalies of the cerebrovascular system |
|
| Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia |
| Agenesis or hypoplasia of the internal carotid or |
| vertebral arteries |
| Arteriovenous malformation |
| Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia |
| Sturge-Weber syndrome |
| Intracranial aneurysm |
|
| Trauma |
|
| Child abuse |
| Fat or air embolism |
| Foreign body embolism |
| Carotid ligation |
| Vertebral occlusion following abrupt cervical rotation |
| Posttraumatic arterial dissection |
| Blunt cervical arterial trauma |
| Arteriography |
| Posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula |
| Coagulation defect with minor trauma |
| Penetrating intracranial trauma |
|
