Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Models: Do They Need a Fix?

Table 1

Experimental models of transient global ischemia.

(a) Complete TGI models

TGI method	Key features	Species	References
Cardiac arrest; (i) KCl injection	Epinephrine injection, defibrillation, and CPR are used for resuscitation	Mouse, rat and monkey	[10–12]
(ii) Ventricular fibrillation	Can be used with CPR to study resuscitation	Cat, dog, pig and monkey	[13–16]
Aortic occlusion	Inhibits flow throughout the body	Rat, rabbit, cat and dog	[17–19]
Neck cuff/tourniquet with hypotension	Inhibition of blood flow to the head	Rat, cat, dog and monkey	[20–24]
Extracranial artery occlusion
(i) Innominate and subclavian arteries	Inhibition of blood flow to the head	Cat	[25, 26]
(ii) Brachiocephalic and subclavian near aortic origin		Monkey	[27]

(b) Incomplete TGI models

TGI method	Key features	Species	References
Intracranial hypertension
(i) Fluid infusion in cerebral cistern	A brain compression injury	Rabbit, cat, dog and monkey	[28–30]
(ii) Balloon inflation		Rat, cat, dog and monkey	[31–34]
Extracranial artery occlusion	Immediate ischemia and reperfusion allows possibility of permanent occlusion
Bilateral common carotid (2-VO)
(i) Without hypotension	Creates mild-to-moderate injury	Mouse, rat, gerbil, sheep and monkey	[35–39]
(ii) With hypotension		Rat, rabbit, cat and monkey	[40–42]
Bilateral common carotid + vertebral arteries (4-VO)	Creates severe injury	Rat, rabbit, cat, dog and monkey	[43–48]