Review Article

Walking Adaptability after a Stroke and Its Assessment in Clinical Settings

Table 2

Psychometric characteristics of the performance-based clinical assessments of walking function.

AssessmentPsychometric propertiesSubjectsResults

DGI (Lin et al. 2010 [71])Sensitivity, TrT, and C-validity45 after stroke, 48 for TrTMDC = 4 points, TrT ICC = 0.91–0.97, validity DGI wrt 4-item DGI and FGA

DGI (Jonsdottir and Cattaneo 2007 [72])TrT, InterRR, and C-validity25 postchronic strokeTrT ICC = 0.96, InterRR ICC = 0.96, validity DGI wrt BBS , wrt ABC

DGI (Romero et al. 2011 [73])Sensitivity42 community-dwelling elderlyMDC = 2.9 points

DGI (Shumway-Cook et al. 1997 [74])C-Validity44 community-dwelling elderlyDGI wrt BBS , wrt balance self-perceptions test

DGI Danish version (Jønsson et al. 2011 [75])InterRR, IntraRR24 hospitalized adults
26 adults in outpatient rehab
Hospitalized InterRR ICC = 0.92, IntraRR ICC = 0.90; outpatients InterRR ICC = 0.82, IntraRR ICC = 0.89

DGI (Huang 2011)Sensitivity, TrT72 adults with PDMDC = 2.9 points, TrT ICC = 0.84

DGI (Cakit et al. 2007 [76])C-validity31 adults with PDDGI wrt UPDRS motor subscale , wrt history of falls

DGI (Hall and Herdman 2006 [77])TrT16 adults with vestibular disordersTrT ICC = 0.86

DGI (Whitney et al. 2000 [78])C-validity30 adults with vestibular disordersDGI wrt BBS

DGI (Marchetti et al. 2014 JNPT [79])Sensitivity326 adults with balance and vestibular disordersMDC = 4 points

FGA (Lin et al. 2010 [71])Sensitivity, TrT, Cand -validity45 after strokeMDC = 4.2 points, TrT ICC = 0.95, FGA wrt 10MWT , wrt PASS

FGA German version (Thieme et al. 2009 [80])InterRR, IntraRR, and C-validity28 after strokeInterRR ICC = 0.94, IntraRR ICC = 0.97, FGA wrt FAC , wrt gait speed , wrt BBS , wrt RMI , wrt Barthel index

FGA (Walker et al. 2007 [81])InterRR 200 healthy adultsInterRR ICC = 0.93

FGA (Leddy et al. 2011 [82])TrT, InterRR24 adults with PD, 15 for InterRRTrT ICC = 0.91, InterRR ICC = 0.93

FGA (Wrisley and Kumar 2010 [83])C-validity35 community-dwelling elderlyFGA wrt BBS , wrt TUGT , wrt ABC scale

FGA (Ellis et al. 2011 [84])C-validity262 adults with PDFGA wrt BBS , wrt PDQ-39 , wrt functional reach

FGA (Wrisley et al. 2004 [85])InterRR, IntraRR, and C-validity6 adults with vestibular disordersInterRR ICC = 0.84, IntraRR ICC = 0.83, FGA wrt ABC scale , wrt TUGT , wrt DGI , wrt dizziness handicap inventory , wrt perception dizziness symptoms

FGA (Marchetti et al. 2014 JNPT [79])Sensitivity326 adults with balance and vestibular disordersMDC = 6 points

mEFAP (Liaw et al. 2006 [86])TrT, C-validity20 postchronic stroke for TrT
40 postsubacute stroke for C-Validity
TrT ICC = 0.99, mEFAP wrt Barthel Index , wrt Rivermead Index

mEFAP (Baer and Wolf 2001 [87])TrT, InterRR, and C-validity26 after strokeTrT ICC = 0.99, InterRR ICC = 0.99, mEFAP wrt BBS , wrt Functional assessment measure

SCI-FAP (Musselman and Yang 2014 [88])Sensitivity20 adults with incomplete SCIMDC = 96 points

SCI-FAP (Musselman et al. 2011 [89])TrT, InterRR22 adults with incomplete SCITrT ICC = 0.98, InterRR ICC = 1.0,

Hi-MAT (Williams et al. 2006 [90])Sensitivity, C-validity103 adults with BIMDC = +4 points, −2 points, Hi-MAT wrt motor FIM , wrt gross function rivermead motor assessment

Hi-MAT (Williams et al. in PTJ 2006 [91])TrT, InterRR103 adults with BI
20 adults with BI for TrT
17 adults with BI for InterRR
TrT ICC = 0.99, InterRR ICC = 0.99

CB&M (Balasubramanian 2014 [92])InterRR, IntraRR, and C-validity40 community dwelling elderly
37 for C-validity wrt 6MWT
36 for C-validity wrt gait speed
InterRR ICC = 0.95, IntraRR ICC = 0.96, CB&M wrt DGI , wrt BBS , wrt SPPB , wrt 6MWT , wrt TUGT , wrt gait speed , wrt ABC , wrt functional reach test

CB&M (Inness et al. 2011 [93])C-validity35 adults with BICB&M wrt gait velocity , wrt ABC

CB&M (Wright et al. 2010 [94])Sensitivity, TrT, and InterRR32 youths with BIMDC = 13.5% points, TrT ICC = 0.90, InterRR ICC = 0.93

CB&M (Howe et al. 2006 [95])TrT, InterRR, and IntraRR32–36 adults with BITrT ICC = 0.98, InterRR ICC = 0.98, IntraRR ICC = 0.98

CB&M (Knorr et al. 2010 [96])C-validity44 after strokeCB&M wrt Chedoke McMaster stroke
assessment (leg), (foot)

WIT (Bandinelli et al. 2006 [97])TrT30 community-dwelling elderlyTrT ICC ≥ 0.75 for 13 of 14 items

SWOC (Rubenstein et al. 1997 [31])TrT, InterRR, and C-validity58 community-dwelling elderly menTrT ICC = 0.93, InterRR ICC 0.81–1.0, obstacle course-R wrt gait velocity , wrt 6MWT , wrt POMA Gait score 0.52, wrt, POMA balance

Obstacle course (Means 1996 [32])C-validity237 community-dwelling elderlyObstacle course-M wrt medical conditions , wrt number of medications

SOMAI (Tang et al. 1998 [98])C-validity 27 community-dwelling elderlySOMAI normal vision condition wrt 6 SOT conditions –0.53, SOMAI focal vision wrt 6 SOT conditions –0.59

MTT**

TrT, test-retest reliability; C-validity, criterion validity; InterRR, intertester reliability; IntraRR, intratester reliability DGI, dynamic gait index; FGA, functional gait assessment; mEFAP, modified Emory functional ambulation profile; SCI-FAP, spinal cord injury functional ambulation profile; Hi-MAT, high-level mobility assessment test; CB&M, community balance and mobility scale; SOMAI, sensory-oriented mobility assessment instrument; WIT, walking InCHIANTI toolkit; SWOC, standardized walking obstacle course developed by Rubenstein and colleagues; obstacle course, obstacle course developed by Means and colleagues; MTT, multiple task test; PD, Parkinson’s disease; BI, brain injury; SCI, spinal cord injury; wrt, with respect to; MDC, minimal detectable change; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; BBS, Berg balance scale; ABC, activities-specific balance confidence scale; UPDRS, unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; PASS, posture assessment scale for stroke patients; TUGT, timed up and go test; RMI, Rivermead mobility index; POMA, Tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment; FIM, functional index measure; SPPB, short physical performance battery.
**Developed for persons with Parkinson’s disease. Quantitative data and strategies for persons with Parkinson’s disease are reported. However, no specific psychometric characteristics have been reported.