Risk Factors and Etiology of Young Ischemic Stroke Patients in Estonia
Table 1
Demographic data, risk factors, and etiology by sex and age groups.
First-ever
Recurrent
Men
Women
Age 18–44
Age 45–54
()
()
()
()
()
()
Age, y
46.9 ± 7.4
49.7 ± 5.5
<0.001
47.2 ± 7.0
46.2 ± 8.2
0.083
Men
500 (67.5)
69 (71.9)
143 (63.3)
357 (69.2)
0.133
1.7
2.2
0.147
Well-documented risk factors
616 (83.1)
87 (90.6)
0.060
436 (87.2)
180 (74.7)
<0.001
162 (72.0)
454 (88.0)
<0.001
Hypertension
392 (52.9)
66 (68.8)
0.003
274 (54.8)
118 (49.0)
0.136
81 (36.0)
311 (60.3)
<0.001
Dyslipidemia
337 (45.5)
46 (47.9)
0.652
238 (47.6)
99 (41.1)
0.095
79 (35.1)
258 (50.0)
<0.001
Smoking
257 (34.7)
27 (28.1)
0.202
201 (40.2)
56 (23.2)
<0.001
73 (32.4)
184 (35.7)
0.398
Obesity
72 (9.7)
7 (7.3)
0.445
47 (9.4)
25 (10.4)
0.675
20 (8.9)
52 (10.1)
0.615
Diabetes mellitus
72 (9.7)
18 (18.8)
0.007
51 (10.2)
21 (8.7)
0.522
7 (3.1)
65 (12.6)
<0.001
Coronary heart disease
67 (9.0)
11 (11.5)
0.444
58 (11.6)
9 (3.7)
0.001
5 (2.2)
62 (12.0)
<0.001
Atrial fibrillation
59 (8.0)
10 (10.4)
0.411
51 (10.2)
8 (3.3)
0.001
7 (3.1)
52 (10.1)
0.001
Heart failure
49 (6.6)
10 (10.4)
0.171
40 (8.0)
9 (3.7)
0.029
12 (5.3)
37 (7.2)
0.355
Transitory ischemic attack
45 (6.1)
9 (9.4)
0.215
28 (5.6)
17 (7.1)
0.438
12 (5.3)
33 (6.4)
0.578
Other cardiac conditions
39 (5.3)
14 (14.6)
<0.001
31 (6.2)
8 (3.3)
0.100
11 (4.9)
28 (5.4)
0.763
Peripheral artery disease
8 (1.1)
5 (5.2)
0.011
8 (1.6)
0 (0.0)
0.059
1 (0.4)
7 (1.4)
0.447
Hormone replacement therapy
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1.000
Less well-documented risk factors
223 (30.1)
19 (19.8)
0.036
151 (30.2)
72 (29.9)
0.928
91 (40.4)
132 (25.6)
<0.001
Heavy drinking
130 (17.5)
13 (13.5)
0.327
111 (22.2)
19 (7.9)
<0.001
37 (16.4)
93 (18.0)
0.603
Migraine
36 (4.9)
0 (0.0)
0.027
14 (2.8)
22 (9.1)
<0.001
27 (12.0)
9 (1.7)
<0.001
Migraine with aura
23 (3.1)
0 (0.0)
0.097
9 (1.8)
14 (5.8)
0.003
15 (6.7)
8 (1.6)
<0.001
Recent or active infection
33 (4.5)
6 (6.2)
0.438
15 (3.0)
18 (7.5)
0.006
13 (5.8)
20 (3.9)
0.249
PFO
19 (2.6)
2 (2.1)
1.000
9 (1.8)
10 (4.1)
0.058
8 (3.6)
11 (2.1)
0.260
Oral contraception
13 (1.8)
0 (0.0)
0.382
NA
13 (5.4)
12 (14.6)
1 (0.6)
<0.001
Illicit drug use
6 (0.8)
0 (0.0)
0.624
5 (1.0)
1 (0.4)
0.670
5 (2.2)
1 (0.2)
0.011
Sleep apnea
6 (0.8)
0 (0.0)
0.624
6 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
0.185
2 (0.9)
4 (0.8)
1.000
Coagulopathy
4 (0.5)
0 (0.0)
1.000
3 (0.6)
1 (0.4)
1.000
1 (0.4)
3 (0.6)
1.000
Pregnancy or postpartum period
3 (0.4)
0 (0.0)
1.000
NA
3 (1.2)
3 (3.7)
0 (0.0)
0.038
Stroke subtypes
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
LAA
106 (14.3)
23 (24.0)
0.01
82 (16.4)
24 (10.0)
0.01
26 (11.6)
80 (15.5)
0.15
Small-vessel disease
66 (8.9)
9 (9.4)
0.88
40 (8.0)
26 (10.8)
0.21
14 (6.2)
52 (10.1)
0.09
Cardioembolism
127 (17.1)
19 (19.8)
0.51
98 (19.6)
29 (12.0)
0.01
30 (13.3)
97 (18.8)
0.07
ODE
63 (8.5)
1 (1.0)
0.00
32 (6.4)
31 (12.9)
0.00
39 (17.3)
24 (4.7)
<0.00
Undetermined etiology
379 (51.1)
44 (45.8)
0.55
248 (49.6)
131 (54.4)
0.22
116 (51.6)
263 (51.0)
0.88
Undetermined etiology (subgroup)
0.248
0.010
<0.001
Two or more causes
2 (0.5)
1 (2.2)
2 (0.8)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (0.4)
Negative evaluation
152 (40.1)
14 (32.6)
87 (35.1)
65 (49.6)
72 (32.0)
80 (15.5)
Incomplete evaluation
225 (59.4)
29 (65.2)
159 (64.1)
66 (50.4)
44 (19.6)
181 (35.1)
Data are expressed as mean SD or (%); ASA, atrial septal aneurysm; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; ODE, other definite etiology; PFO, patent foramen ovale; TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; Cardiac conditions other than atrial fibrillation include acute myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, PFO and ASA, and cardiac tumors. /women. hoc test; values of are statistically significant (Bonferroni correction).
