Research Article

Enhanced Upper Extremity Functions with a Single Session of Action-Observation-Execution and Accelerated Skill Acquisition Program in Subacute Stroke

Table 3

Result of within and between group analysis on parametric data.

VariablesControl groupExperimental groupp-valueap-valueb
PrePost 1Post 2Post 3p-valuePrePost 1Post 2Post 3p-value

Wolf motor function test
Movement time (seconds)
 Total52.28 (39.98)51.75 (45.95)47.79 (29.84)33.60 (12.72)0.16120.41 (100.56)110.29 (124.29)77.13 (82.61)73.86 (99.90)0.0080.520.02
 Lift can4.63 (6.37)2.93 (2.79)3.09 (2.24)2.71 (2.05)0.201.96 (0.77)2.00 (0.80)1.55 (0.63)1.29 (0.52)0.170.200.29
 Lift pencil5.83 (8.44)2.74 (2.38)2.56 (1.21)1.83 (0.37)0.184.65 (5.21)14.44 (28.48)1.59 (0.54)3.08 (4.44)< 0.0010.570.03
 Lift paper clip2.99 (2.32)2.71 (1.64)2.17 (0.95)1.95 (0.53)0.392.04 (0.58)2.00 (0.54)1.57 (0.42)2.25 (1.38)0.230.430.45
 Stack checkers9.97 (6.21)11.99 (10.60)15.13 (15.09)9.79 (7.08)0.7131.30 (44.47)29.44 (45.23)15.54 (21.92)25.69 (46.78)0.060.880.12
 Flip cards12.67 (6.67)10.68 (5.71)11.16 (7.44)7.92 (2.50)0.1314.28 (4.59)11.61 (4.71)11.07 (6.02)10.35 (5.52)0.170.500.75
 Turn key in lock16.19 (11.89)20.69 (23.90)13.70 (6.68)9.40 (3.82)0.4166.18 (57.97)50.81 (55.10)45.81 (58.34)31.20 (45.07)0.080.520.24
Grip strength (Kilogram)8.95 (2.96)9.67 (3.07)10.58 (3.37)9.87 (5.20)0.1113.28 (4.02)13.63 (3.75)14.97 (4.69)16.17 (4.29)0.020.060.13
Stroke impact scale (score)
Global recovery46.67 (25.82)60.00 (31.62)50.83 (16.25)51.67 (13.29)0.1860.00 (23.87)64.17 (19.60)83.33 (8.16)87.50 (8.80)0.140.040.03

p-value a: between-groups main effect from ANOVA, p-value b: two-way mixed ANOVA repeated on time (group time) on transformed data (log transformation for can lifting and paper clip lifting items, reciprocal transformation for pencil lifting, checkers stacking, cards flipping and turning key in lock items, and 1/square root transformation for WMFT-total movement time) [52]. Same transformation has been applied to all the variables that have to be analyzed together. Different transformations were selected for different items to fit the transformation technique to each variable of that item [52]. p < 0.05, p < 0.001; values across tests are given as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.