Research Article

Thermal Hydraulic Analysis Using GIS on Application of HTR to Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil Reservoirs

Table 6

Values of in the case of steam or water.

SituationValue

Sudden enlargement pipe or tube
where is the sectional area of upstream flow channel;
is the sectional area of downstream flow channel.
Sudden contraction pipe or tube
90° bend
Valve

Gate valve
Ball valve
Control valve