Abstract
Atmospheric dispersion modeling and radiation dose calculations have been performed for a hypothetical AP1000 SGTR accident by HotSpot code 3.03. TEDE, the respiratory time-integrated air concentration, and the ground deposition are calculated for various atmospheric stability classes, Pasquill stability categories A–F with site-specific averaged meteorological conditions. The results indicate that the maximum plume centerline ground deposition value of kBq/m2 occurred at about 1.4 km and the maximum TEDE value of Sv occurred at 1.4 km from the reactor. It is still far below the annual regulatory limits of 1 mSv for the public as set in IAEA Safety Report Series number 115. The released radionuclides might be transported to long distances but will not have any harmful effect on the public.
1. Introduction
Radiation dose calculation for hypothetical accident or possible radionuclides release from a nuclear facility is very important as far as human health and safety are concerned [1–3]. The radionuclides from accidental releases producing the dose equivalent may be external or internal to the body. The total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is the sum of the effective dose equivalent (EDE) caused by the external material such as submersion, ground shine, and resuspension and the total committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) caused by the internal material such as inhalation. The TEDE is the most complete expression of the combined dose from all applicable delivery pathways [4].
The computer code HotSpot is used to calculate the TEDE after the hypothetical accident. The HotSpot which developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is aimed at providing Healthy Physics for personal and population around the reactor sites. The HotSpot code uses a Gaussian plume model (GPM) to calculate the air concentration and TEDE from nuclides release to the atmosphere [4]. GPM is one of the most widely validated models and its applications have been reported in many areas [1, 2, 5–7].
The radiological consequences evaluation of design basis accident is one of the important parts of environmental impact assessment and safety analysis of nuclear power plant. Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) accident is one of the postulated design basis accidents which may occur during the life cycle of the pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. SGTR accidents have the characteristics of relatively high frequency and serious radiological consequence. Hence, the radioactive source term and radiological consequence of SGTR accident is a problem worthy of study.
In this work, we have performed the radiation dose calculations and radiological consequences of a hypothetical AP1000 SGTR accident by HotSpot code 3.03. TEDE, the respiratory time-integrated air concentration, and the ground deposition are calculated and discussed.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Site-Specific Conditions of the Xianning Nuclear Power Plant
The AP1000 Nuclear Power Plant is located in the Dafan town, Tongshan County, Xianning, Hubei Province, China. Xianning has a temperate continental climate. Meteorological data indicated both North-North-West (NNW) and East-North-East (ENE) as the predominant directions, which occurred for 9.3% and 9.2%. The annual average wind speed on NNW and ENE is reported to be 2.2 m/s and 2.1 m/s, respectively.
Temperature measurements indicate that a minimum temperature of −5.4°C and a maximum temperature of 39.2°C, the annual average temperature is about 17.3°C. Measurements of precipitation indicate a mean monthly rainfall for May is about 327.6 mm. For the winter rainy season the rainfall is about 36.3 mm. The annual average precipitation is 1,400 mm. Data are processed from mean daily wind speeds, considering the sun high in the sky. It is observed that the stability class D is predominant with 50.8% of occurrence, followed by class F with 29.3% and other classes with 19.9%.
2.2. Source Term and Accidental Release Scenario
The core source term of Xianning NPP is an AP1000 NPP. The source term is used to evaluate radioactive consequences of SGTR accident, which defined in AP1000 Design Control Document [8]. The SGTR accident source term during 0~2 hours for AP1000 is shown in Table 1.
The radionuclide activity released to the atmosphere is immediately picked up by the wind and transported downwind according to the site meteorology. The annual average wind speed at 10 m is 2.2 m/s in the predominant direction of NNW. The default value of receptor height is 1.5 m and the inversion layer height is 1300 m. The stability class D is predominant justifying its use in this study. However, other stability classes of A~F are considered for comparison purposes.
3. Results and Discussion
After the hypothetical accident, TEDE, the respiratory time-integrated air concentration, and the ground deposition are calculated by HotSpot 3.03 as a function of downwind distance is presented in Tables 2 and 3. It can be seen from Table 2 that the respirable time-integrated air concentration, ground surface deposition, ground shine dose rate, and TEDE are very minimal. And the maximum TEDE value of Sv occurred at 1.4 km at an arrival time of less than ten minutes as presented in Table 2. According to Table 3 and considering the IAEA dose limits set by the IAEA-TECDOC-93 [9], it can be observed that there are almost no radiation effects within 0.1 km in stability of class D. The TEDE rose sharply from 0.1 km to 2 km and peaked at Sv in 1.4 km. Afterwards, the TEDE decreased with the increase of the distance and the rate of decline slowed down gradually until the value has fallen to a very low level. The maximum TEDE value is still far below the annual regulatory limits of 1 mSv for the public as set in IAEA Safety Report Series number 115 [10]. That is to say the released radionuclides might be transported to a long distance but will not have any harmful effect on the public.
The TEDE and plume centerline ground deposition of radionuclides as a function of downwind distance for different stability classes are shown in Figures 1–4. Figure 3 shows that the maximum value of plume centerline ground deposition is kBq/m2 occurred at about 1.4 km from the reactor. It can be seen from Figures 2 and 4 that the more the unstable meteorological conditions prevail at the site, the higher the value of TEDE and plume centerline ground deposition of radionuclides at a shorter distance will be. Figure 2 shows the decrease of the maximum TEDE values when the meteorological conditions become more stable, and these maximum TEDE values are shifted at longer distances consequently [1]. It is because the dependence of plume rises on downwind distance from the stack as formulated by Briggs [11], and the surface ground deposition radionuclide concentrations are associated with maximum values as noticed by Guldberg [1, 12]. Figure 4 presents the decrease of plume centerline ground deposition when the meteorological conditions become more stable.
In addition, the TEDE counter plot and plume contour ground deposition distribution for D stability class in wind speed of 2.2 m/s are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The plume with three regions marked with dose contours of , Sv, and Sv is shown in Figures 5 and 6. It can be seen from Figure 5 that three boundary contour line areas over these defined doses are exceeded with 52, 169, and 392 km2, respectively, whereas three boundary contour line areas over these defined doses are exceeded with 0.51, 21, and 243 km2 as shown in Figure 6. According to the results, the calculated TEDE in the different distance from the reactor are considerably lower than the dose limits for personnel and population, which is in agreement with international regulatory document [13–15].
Figure 7 shows the distribution of committed equivalent dose to different organs as a function of downwind distance. CEDE is the value that received by an individual due to remaining at the specified location throughout the entire radioactive material release. This quantity is the sum of the products of the committed dose equivalents for each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated multiplied by the appropriate weighting factors () applicable to each of those organs or tissues. It is observed that the highest value of CEDE appears to be the thyroid, followed by the skin and the lung, respectively. The CEDE dose conversion factors (DCF) exploit quality factors or alternately the radiation weighting factors and tissue weighting factors to account for the higher effectiveness of certain forms of radiation and the variable sensitivities of various tissues to cancer induction. The CEDE DCF values should not be used for estimating the probability of acute and early deterministic health effects, as these values specific to the probability of occurrence of stochastic effects in a tissue or organ. The tissue weighting factors used in these DCFs reflect organ sensitivities to cancer induction, not specific deterministic effects. These three organs are more sensitive to radiation compared with others. If any preventative measure is to be taken, their protection would require firstly prevention from inhalation and ingestion immediately after accident.
4. Conclusions
In this article, we have performed the radiation dose calculations and radiological consequences of a hypothetical AP1000 SGTR accident by HotSpot code 3.03. After the hypothetical AP1000 SGTR accident, TEDE, the respiratory time-integrated air concentration, and the ground deposition are calculated. The TEDE rises sharply from 0.1 km to 2 km and reached peak Sv at 1.4 km. The TEDE value decreases with the increase of the distance. The maximum TEDE value is far below the annual regulatory limits of 1 mSv for the public as set in IAEA Safety Report Series number 115. The more the unstable meteorological conditions prevail at the site, the higher the value of TEDE and plume centerline ground deposition of radionuclides at a shorter distance will be, which depends on plume rise on downwind distance from the stack. According to the results, the calculated TEDE in the different distance from the reactor are considerably lower than the dose limits for personnel and population, which is in agreement with international regulatory document.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the support of this research by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011ZX06004-008), National Natural Science Foundation of China (11605059), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2015MS13).