Abstract
The dynamic constitutive model of shale is basic for shale gas reservoir reforming. In order to investigate the dynamic mechanism of shale, a new dynamic damage constitutive model of shale under uniaxial impact load was established based on the statistical damage theory and the laboratory test results of deformation and the damage characteristics under the action of SHPB impact. Compared with the theoretical results, the model can describe shale’s mechanical attributes and reveal the fracture damage mechanism as well. The results will provide theoretical basis for hydraulic fracturing on shale and other dynamic reforming technics.
1. Introduction
Shale gas is an important unconventional gas resource. Because of the characteristics of low porosity and low permeability, shale gas reservoir must be reformed using hydraulic fracturing or other technics. In order to reveal the law of shale’s mechanical property and fracture damage mechanism, a reasonable dynamic constitutive model is necessary for effective fracturing design needs. But few works are directly related to this content. In recent years, due to the increasing exploitation of shale gas, the study of shale’s mechanical behavior has become the hot issue in the academic fields and engineering areas. On one hand, the research results can provide basic theoretical foundation for reservoir reforming; on the other hand, they can also provide experimental reference and basic parameters for numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing.
There are many works that have been done on the dynamic constitutive model of rock. For example, Lindholm et al. (1974) proposed an overstress model [1], but the physical parameters of the model are not clear. Sigenori et al. [2] (1977) and Yu [3] further developed the overstress model and obtained the correction of the overstress model, which can describe the dynamic mechanical behavior of rock material very well; Krajcinovic and Silva [4] and Dougill et al. [5] applied damage mechanics in rock and concrete, and the continuous damage process of rock and concrete was analyzed; in addition, the damage constitutive model is established by using the concept of fracture surface. Chen and Feng [6], Wenxue et al. [7], and Shang and Ning [8] established the constitutive relations equation of rock materials by the Lagrange analysis of experimental results under the blasting load. Some results have been achieved on dynamic constitutive model of rock, but the established constitutive model was mostly only for the ordinary rocks whose research backgrounds are engineering blasting, earthquake, and so on and rarely for shale whose mechanic characteristics are more complex than conventional rock in the research background of hydraulic fracturing.
In this paper, the dynamic damage constitutive model of shale under loading is established based on the theory of damage mechanics. At the same time, by considering the relationship between the mechanics parameters and the strain rate, the correction of the model has been put forward. Moreover, compared with the experimental results, the constitutive model is proved to be reasonable.
2. Establishment of Dynamic Damage Constitutive Model of Shale
The large amount of defects within shale makes the quantity of damaged parts increase and the area expand when the shale is under a loading situation, and the increased damage causes the effective stress on a microscale to increase. At the same time, due to the increasing effective stress, more defects are produced. Thus, the strength of the whole rock is reduced. Under the condition of continuous load, the changes of the damage in mechanical properties can be seen as a successive process approximately. In order to analyze the process conveniently, the assumptions are shown as follows [9].(a)Ignore the impact of inertial effect on constitutive relation within strain rate’s scope of 10~102/s.(b)Shale is treated as isotropic viscoelastic on a macroscale. The viscoelastic damage model of shale is shown in Figure 1. In addition, the damage attributes are isotropic as well.(c)Shale obeys Hooke’s law and the unit of shale is viscoelasticity before damage.(d)In a resistivity model, when it is under static load conditions, the viscous body is invalid, while, under the condition of dynamic load, the viscous body plays a role in the process of impact compression.(e)The strength of elastic body obeys the law of probability statistics.On the basis of the above assumptions, the functions of dynamic damage constitutive have been built and, in the functions, the strength of shale obeys Weibull distribution, and the probability density function is given bywhere is the distribution function of shale’s strength, that is, the failure probabilities of shale when the strength of the rock is ; is distribution variable; and are the parameters of Weibull distribution, where represents the macroscopic average strength of rock and reflects the brittleness of rock. Generally speaking, both of them reflect the mechanical properties of rock material.
2.1. The Damage Evolution Equation
The damage of shale is caused by the rising number of internal holes under the action of load. The accumulation of the damage forms the fracture damage of materials. Shale’s breakage that occurs may be regarded as a destruction of microunit. At the same time, the breakage causes the effective area which can bear the load to decrease. On a certain level of load, the failure area is , and the damage variable is defined as the ratio of failure area and total area ; that is, ; at any interval , the failure area is , and when the load is added to , the failure area can be shown asThe damage evolution equation is
2.2. The Dynamic Damage Constitutive Equation
In 1984, the strain equivalence principle was put forward by the French famous scholar Lemaitre [10], which was defined as the strain occurring to damage materials under the stress that was equivalent to the materials in the same condition under the effective stress. And shale’s basic formula of damage constitutive relation can be established bywhere is the nominal stress vector, is the effective stress vector, is shale’s elastic matrix, is the strain matrix, and is the damage variable. The effective stress is based on the assumption that stress cannot transfer through the damage, but, by the previous research results, it can be known that damages like cracks, holes, and joints can transfer part of the stress in the process of compression. Based on the above reasons, the damage correction factor which ranges from 0 to 1 is introduced in the constitutive model. Therefore, formula (4) can be modified as In this paper, shale’s damage criterion is set as random distribution variable and is given byBecause the Drucker-Prager yield criterion has the characteristics of simple form and suitability for rock medium [11], it is determined to express shale’s yield strength, which iswhere is the function of shale’s friction angle and cohesion, and the related equation follows as , with the value of ranging from 0 to ; is the first stress invariant; is the second deviatoric stress invariant; and the formulas, respectively, are expressed as follows:By Hooke’s law, it can be gotten thatBecause of the uniaxial compression in this paper, it can be known thatSo, by formulas (8)–(10), it can be obtained thatAssuming that the shale is under dynamic loads in the -direction, the viscosity of the body in -direction will play a role. And it can be seen that the strain of elastic body is equal to the viscous body , and the sum of the two is the apparent stress value in -direction, which is expressed by the following formula:So, the constitutive model of elastomeric is For viscous part, because there is no damage characteristic, its constitutive relation isBecause of the uniaxial compression, there isSubstitute formulas (13), (14), and (15) into formula (12) and the constitutive relation of shale parallel body is obtained asFormula (16) is shale’s dynamic damage constitutive model based on Weibull distribution.
2.3. Determination of Parameters in Constitutive Model
In the shale’s dynamic damage constitutive model, six parameters, , , , , , and , need to be determined [12]. can be measured by the slope of the initial rise stage of the shale’s stress-strain curve; the value of ranges from 0 to ; and that of ranges from 0.1 to 0.5; the strain and strain rate are measured by experiments, while , , and can be determined by fitting the shale’s stress-strain curves of impact shock experiment.
For the experiment of uniaxial compression of shale, the axial stress is set as and the corresponding strain is set as , and then the shale’s dynamic statistical damage constitutive model can be established byThe formula above can be reduced to Taking the logarithm on both sides of formula (18), there is Taking the logarithm on both sides of formula (20), there isand setEquation (21) can be simplified asBy linear regression, and can be obtained, and then according to is obtained.
The solving process above is to obtain and by using curve fitting method. Then, substitute the values into formula (3) and formula (16), and the shale’s damage evolution equation and statistical damage constitutive model under impact load can be obtained.
Through the SHPB impact test for shale, the obtained test results of the shale’s stress-strain curve are shown in Figure 2.
(a)
(b)
Using the above method, in the shale’s dynamic statistical damage constitutive model, parameters and under different strain rates can be obtained, as shown in Table 1.
2.4. The Correction of Constitutive Model
2.4.1. The Effect of Weibull Distribution Parameters and on the Constitutive Model
In order to study the effect of Weibull distribution parameters and on constitutive model, a univariate method is selected [13]. First of all, fix , and study the changes in the constitutive curve when changes. Then, fix , and study the changes of constitutive curve accompanying the value of . According to the experimental results of 3# test specimen the analysis results are shown in Figures 3 and 4.
From Figures 3 and 4, the following rules can be concluded.(1)The shale’s stress-strain curve peak increases with the increase of distribution parameters and .(2)The effect of distribution parameters and on the constitutive curve after the peak is larger than before the peak.
2.4.2. The Effect of Damage Correction Factor on Constitutive Model Curve
According to the experimental result of 7# test specimen, the effect of damage correction factor on constitutive model curve is studied and the result is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 shows that, with the decrease of , the shale’s peak strength increases, the ductility increases after the peak, and the residual strength increases.
2.4.3. The Correction Process of the Constitutive Model
According to the Weibull distribution parameters and obtained above, the strain rate is set as horizontal axis, and and areas are set as vertical axis, respectively. The curves changing with the strain rate are obtained, and the results are shown in Figure 6.
By fitting the plot, the relationship between and with strain rate is established and expressed by As shown in Figure 7, the relationship between the damage correction factor and strain rate turns out to be obviously linear and the equation of linear fitting is Substitute formulas (25) and (26) into the constitutive equation (16) and the shale’s dynamic statistical damage constitutive model of specific solutions can be obtained.
2.5. Verification of Constitutive Model
The parameters of the statistical constitutive model can be solved by fitting the stress-strain curves, and then the theoretical curves can be obtained. Compared with the experimental curves, the shale’s dynamic statistical damage constitutive model is verified to be correct and reasonable, and the comparison of theoretical curve and experimental curve is shown in Figure 8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
From Figure 8, it can be seen that, in this paper, the shale’s dynamic damage constitutive model based on the statistical distribution can better reflect the shale’s stress-strain relationship. Theoretical curves and experimental curves have a good alignment, which illustrates that the constitutive model established in this paper is reasonable.
3. Conclusions
(1)Shale’s stress-strain curves will change in line with the model parameters, while the curves of the peak strength increase with the Weibull distribution parameters and increasing and decrease with the damage correction factor increasing.(2)Parameters and of the statistical damage constitutive model and strain rate abide by a linear relationship, while and strain rate abide by the quadratic polynomial relationship.(3)The statistical damage constitutive model is proved to be reasonable by the comparison of theoretical curves and experimental curves.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The research is financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51174170).