The Effect of Rail Fastening System Modifications on Tram Traffic Noise and Vibration

<div>Squared vibrations of a tram TMK 2266 passing by (<svg height="12.7178pt" id="M23" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 11.0981 12.7178" width="11.0981pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M619 670C619 686 593 712 555 712S459 686 410 634S335 504 320 430H250L219 400L222 388H312L258 73C223 -133 201 -166 187 -180C175 -191 158 -199 140 -199C123 -199 88 -188 74 -172C68 -166 63 -164 54 -171C38 -185 23 -201 23 -215C23 -236 60 -261 93 -261C122 -261 161 -247 207 -200C268 -138 300 -71 337 94C365 220 376 277 394 387L501 399L521 430H401C432 623 464 665 501 665C524 665 544 651 567 627C577 617 583 618 592 625C601 631 619 651 619 670Z" id="g113-103"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="642" vert-adv-y="642"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.721,3.132)"><path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z" id="g50-100"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg> = 100 Hz). <svg height="11.8174pt" id="M24" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.8635 11.8174" width="15.8635pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M962 650H739L732 622L760 619C812 613 819 604 798 552C760 457 671 267 606 131H604L511 638H480L237 131H233L183 554C177 607 183 614 226 619L248 622L257 650H24L17 622C88 615 92 611 103 524L173 -11H203L450 491H453L543 -11H575L839 529C882 609 886 613 953 622L962 650Z" id="g113-88"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="974" vert-adv-y="974"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.777,3.132)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" id="g50-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg> to <svg height="11.927pt" id="M25" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.8635 11.927" width="15.8635pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M962 650H739L732 622L760 619C812 613 819 604 798 552C760 457 671 267 606 131H604L511 638H480L237 131H233L183 554C177 607 183 614 226 619L248 622L257 650H24L17 622C88 615 92 611 103 524L173 -11H203L450 491H453L543 -11H575L839 529C882 609 886 613 953 622L962 650Z" id="g113-88"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="974" vert-adv-y="974"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.777,3.132)"><path d="M141 347C171 480 264 541 327 570C364 587 403 599 436 605L429 641C389 634 339 622 300 609C191 570 37 458 37 239C37 86 126 -12 245 -12C367 -12 454 89 454 210C454 314 380 397 272 397C252 397 230 390 208 380L141 347ZM231 338C323 338 366 257 366 174C366 108 340 27 263 27C180 27 129 123 129 244C129 268 130 292 135 310C158 323 193 338 231 338Z" id="g50-55"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg> are wheel positions, <svg height="14.0226pt" id="M26" style="vertical-align:-5.28232pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.74028 16.0289 14.0226" width="16.0289pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M635 674C617 655 609 649 582 649H206C179 649 168 651 158 674H137C125 619 107 554 89 496L119 495C137 536 153 567 169 586C187 608 206 615 291 615H343L248 120C233 40 226 33 142 27L136 0H408L414 27C324 33 316 39 331 120L424 615H485C562 615 582 609 592 585C601 564 604 534 603 496L634 498C640 552 649 629 657 674H635Z" id="g189-85"></path><glyph.data ascent="1002" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="603" vert-adv-y="603"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.868,3.132)"><path d="M484 166C458 116 436 86 414 65C389 40 355 34 297 34C253 34 221 36 207 47C191 59 189 83 196 119L275 534C289 610 293 615 373 622L379 649H129L123 622C204 615 209 611 194 534L112 116C97 40 90 33 13 26L7 0H448C462 30 500 123 512 156L484 166Z" id="g189-77"></path><glyph.data ascent="1002" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="532" vert-adv-y="532"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,12.728,5.233)"><path d="M311 0V25C221 32 216 41 216 113V635C162 613 103 594 39 583V559L88 556C131 552 135 546 135 500V113C135 41 131 32 40 25V0H311Z" id="g190-213"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="338" vert-adv-y="338"></glyph.data></g></svg> is the integration time around the wheels, and <svg height="14.0226pt" id="M27" style="vertical-align:-5.28232pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.74028 17.0467 14.0226" width="17.0467pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M635 674C617 655 609 649 582 649H206C179 649 168 651 158 674H137C125 619 107 554 89 496L119 495C137 536 153 567 169 586C187 608 206 615 291 615H343L248 120C233 40 226 33 142 27L136 0H408L414 27C324 33 316 39 331 120L424 615H485C562 615 582 609 592 585C601 564 604 534 603 496L634 498C640 552 649 629 657 674H635Z" id="g189-85"></path><glyph.data ascent="1002" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="603" vert-adv-y="603"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.868,3.132)"><path d="M484 166C458 116 436 86 414 65C389 40 355 34 297 34C253 34 221 36 207 47C191 59 189 83 196 119L275 534C289 610 293 615 373 622L379 649H129L123 622C204 615 209 611 194 534L112 116C97 40 90 33 13 26L7 0H448C462 30 500 123 512 156L484 166Z" id="g189-77"></path><glyph.data ascent="1002" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="532" vert-adv-y="532"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0065,0,0,-0.0065,12.728,5.233)"><path d="M452 139L416 148C386 81 373 77 319 77H141L282 220C372 312 414 373 414 464C414 569 332 635 240 635C181 635 132 609 101 574L42 493L70 467C98 506 143 562 209 562C280 562 324 515 324 435C324 347 261 272 197 197C148 139 89 84 34 29V0H417L452 139Z" id="g176-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3439" descent="-2858" horiz-adv-x="494" vert-adv-y="494"></glyph.data></g></svg> is integration time over whole tram passing by.</div>

Shock and Vibration

fig17

Figure 17

Figure 17: The Effect of Rail Fastening System Modifications on Tram Traffic Noise and Vibration 