Mitigation of Ground Vibration due to Collapse of a Large-Scale Cooling Tower with Novel Application of Materials as Cushions

Table 4

Brief description of “cooling tower-soil” model [2, 4, 8].

Region	Element	Material model	Meshing	Remark
Tower shell	SHELL163	Material models in Eurocode 2 Part 2.1	108 vertical “levels” and 384 meridional “strips,” max. size of 1.2 m × 1.5 m	Proper technique was used to connect shell elements in tower shell and solid elements in columns
Column
Concrete	SOLID164	Holmquist-Johnson-Cook model	26 vertical “levels” and 4 elements in each “levels,” max. size of 0.6 m × 1.0 m × 1.3 m	Perfect bond between concrete and rebars
Rebar	BEAM161	Plastic kinematic model	Max. size of 1.3 m
Soil	SOLID164	Drucker-Prager model	Sizes of 4 m × 4 m × 4 m were meshed in soil model with a dimension of 800 m × 800 m (plane) × 40 m (thickness)	Nonreflecting boundaries and damping were set in the soil model