Alpha-Stable Distribution and Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis-Based Fault Diagnosis Method Application for Axle Box Bearings

Figure 8

Artificial faults on the components of the axle box bearing: (a) normal; (b) slight outer-race faults; (c) serious outer-race faults; (d) slight inner-race faults; (e) serious inner-race faults; (f) slight ball faults; (g) serious ball faults.