Research Article

Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Responses and Damage of Linings Subjected to Violent Gas Explosions inside Highway Tunnels

Figure 4

The fully coupled FSI numerical model. (a) The design diagram of the standard tunnel cross section. (b) The cross section of the numerical model and the detonation position. (c) Schematic diagram of the numerical research model. (d) Components of the ALE model.
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