Abstract
Nondeterministic parameters of certain distribution are employed to model structural uncertainties, which are usually assumed as stochastic factors. However, model parameters may not be precisely represented due to some factors in engineering practices, such as lack of sufficient data, data with fuzziness, and unknown-but-bounded conditions. To this end, interval and fuzzy parameters are implemented and an efficient approach to structural reliability analysis with random-interval-fuzzy hybrid parameters is proposed in this study. Fuzzy parameters are first converted to equivalent random ones based on the equal entropy principle. 3σ criterion is then employed to transform the equivalent random and the original random parameters to interval variables. In doing this, the hybrid reliability problem is transformed into the one only with interval variables, in other words, nonprobabilistic reliability analysis problem. Nevertheless, the problem of interval extension existed in interval arithmetic, especially for the nonlinear systems. Therefore, universal grey mathematics, which can tackle the issue of interval extension, is employed to solve the nonprobabilistic reliability analysis problem. The results show that the proposed method can obtain more conservative results of the hybrid structural reliability.
1. Introduction
In most cases, uncertain structural parameters could have undesired effects on the reliability of structures and systems. Normally, probability model [1, 2] and fuzzy model [3] are utilized to obtain structural reliability based on probability theory and fuzzy set theory, respectively. Since probability and fuzzy models have been developed rapidly over the past decades, both of them have been applied in an ocean of engineering fields [4]. Unfortunately, when it comes to the situation that the experimental samples and data are not sufficient to construct the precise distribution or membership function, these two methods are no longer reliable.
Ben-Haim [5, 6] and Elishakoff [7] pioneered to develop the nonprobabilistic convex model to deal with the uncertainty lacking of information and introduced the concept of nonprobabilistic reliability. They suggested that uncertain parameters should be treated as convex set, such as interval and ellipsoid, so that uncertainty model can be obtained with the information of those parameters’ bounds. Since then interval reliability analysis has arisen wide concern. Du [8] and Du et al. [9] systematically studied the structural reliability analysis consisting of interval parameters. Various techniques have also proposed to solve this kind of reliability and design problem [10–18]. However, there could be the circumstance that the designing parameters of a structure have different kinds of uncertainties. For example, the geometry parameters of the structure are random variable, but the subjected force is fuzzy [19], or vice verse [20]. Developing an effective method to solve this problem is vital for engineers to predict the structural reliability precisely. Haldar and Reddy [21] proposed two approaches to estimate the reliability of existing structures by considering both the randomness and the fuzzy uncertainty in some parameters. Ni and Qiu [22] presented an innovative method to calculate the structural reliability of linear and nonlinear structural systems when probabilistic, fuzzy, and nonprobabilistic uncertainties are involved. A multitude of researchers have worked this filed recently and fruitful achievements have been obtained [23–28], including calculating the reliability of motion mechanism, solving time-dependent problems, and designing metamaterials.
However, interval expansion is unavoidable when interval mathematics is used, which is often neglected by the researchers. Rao and Berke [29] proposed an interval-truncation approach to narrow interval expansion, but the truncation principle is hard to control. Shao and Su [30] applied interval finite element method to narrow interval expansion. In this study, we attempt to put forward alternative approach to handle the interval expansion problem in structural reliability analysis when hybrid uncertainties are involved. The main focus of this work will introduce a new approach by utilizing universal grey number to avoid interval expansion in reliability analysis. Meanwhile, techniques, like 3σ criterion and equal entropy principle, are used as well.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces an interval reliability model; Section 3 presents reliability analysis with random, fuzzy, and interval parameters and introduces the methods and theory of transformation among random, fuzzy, and interval variables. Section 4 introduces the universal grey number. Section 5 discusses and analyzes some numerical examples; the conclusion is given in Section 6.
2. Interval Reliability Model
For interval reliability analysis, structural performance is commonly expressed by performance function which is determined by failure criteria. Assuming that is a -dimension vector of interval variable with independent elementswhere and represent the lower and upper bounds of interval, respectively. Then the structural performance function can be expressed as
The reliability can be defined as
And limit-state function of the structure writeswhich defines the limit-state surface. The basic variable space will be divided into safe region and failure region by the limit-state function, and if taking the example of two-dimensional linear performance function , (, ), the safe region and failure region would be separated as shown in Figure 1. The interval safety probability can be defined as the ratio of safe region to the total area of variable space [22].
When the performance function is nonlinear or multidimensional, the variable space will be divided into safe region and failure region by limit-state surface or hyper-surface as well, as shown in Figure 2. So the safe probability can still be defined by the ratio of safe region to total variable region like (5).
3. Reliability Analysis with Random, Fuzzy, and Interval Parameters
Limit-state function with random variables, fuzzy variables, and interval variables can be expressed as follows:where denotes a random variable vector with independent elements of normal distribution. The probability density function of , which are the random variables, is . denotes a fuzzy variable vector with independent elements. Membership functions of , the fuzzy variables, are represented by . denotes an independent nonprobabilistic interval variable vector, and . So the structural hybrid reliability can be expressed as
3.1. Transforming Fuzzy Variable into Random Variable
Entropy [31], a basic concept in thermodynamics, is used for expressing the degree of the irregular movement of molecules. It can be regarded as a measure of uncertainty. Entropy is not only a measure of random uncertainty but also fuzzy uncertainty. The measure of random uncertainty and fuzzy uncertainty are defined as probabilistic entropy and fuzzy entropy, respectively.
The probabilistic entropy of continuous variables is defined as follows:where is the probability density function of .
The definition of fuzzy entropy can be described as:where and is the membership function of .
According to the principle that the equivalent probabilistic entropy equals to the fuzzy entropy, fuzzy uncertainty can be transformed into random ones. So the transformation from fuzzy entropy to equivalent random entropy can be constructed on the basis of (8) and (9):
Supposing the equivalent random variable transformed from fuzzy variable is . The entropy of a normal variable can be obtained by evaluating (8) as
The equivalent standard deviation of the transform from fuzzy variable to random variable can be obtained according to (11):
The equivalent mean is assumed to be the fuzzy variable mean and the correspondent mean value when the membership value is 1, represented by . Then the probabilistic density function of equivalent random variable with normal distribution can be obtained:
3.2. Transforming Random Variable into Interval Variable
principal reveals that most of the random variable values are in the interval of (, ) and the excess accounts for less than 0.3%. So the equivalent probabilistic variable and probabilistic variable can be transformed into uncertain but limited interval variable.
is transformed into , an interval variable located in , where is the mean value of the normally distributed random variable and is the deviation. The equivalent probabilistic uncertain variable of , the fuzzy variable, is transformed into , the interval variable located in the interval of . Then the hybrid structural reliability solving problem has turned into a nonprobabilistic reliability solving problem only with interval variables.
4. Universal Grey Mathematics
4.1. Brief Introduction of Universal Grey Number
Definition 1. Suppose discussed region (real number set). Then the universal grey number of is named universal grey number set, noted , and the element of is named universal grey number, notedwhere is the observation value, is the grey information part, and and are the zero unit and unit, respectively. The universal grey number, whose observation part is naught but information part is not naught, is noted as and named subzero unit. Zero unit and subzero unit are called by a joint name of universal zero unit, noted as .
Definition 2. , is called negative unit on in and is called inverse unit on in .
On the basis of Definitions 1 and 2, the four arithmetic operations of universal number are regulated. The multiplication operation of universal grey number meets closure, association law, and exchange law. The four arithmetic operations are as follows:
4.2. The Transformation of Universal Grey Number and Interval Number
According to the definition of universal grey number, and of , a universal grey number, can be, respectively, looked as the lowest and highest trust degree. So, when , a universal grey number can be expressed by an interval number, namely, (an interval number set) it can be expressed by an interval number :(1)When there is , there is .(2)When there are and , there is .(3)When there are and , there is .(4)When there is , there is .
Universal grey number not only has the capability of interval analysis but also can avoid the disadvantage of interval computation, and effectively solve the issue of interval extension. Taking advantage of universal grey number, the interval number can be transformed into universal grey number when computing structural reliability, resulting in a more precise outcome.
Based on the discussion above, the proposed procedure for computing the hybrid reliability of the structural system and overcoming the interval expansion at the same time is briefly shown as follows:(a)Input hybrid parameters, including random, interval, and fuzzy ones.(b)Transform the fuzzy variable into equivalent random ones on the basis of the equal entropy principle.(c)Convert the random and equivalent random variables to equivalent interval ones based on the 3σ principal.(d)Transform all interval variables into universal grey numbers based on (16).(e)Calculate the hybrid reliability using (5) and (15).
5. Numerical Example
In this section, two classical numerical examples and one engineering problem are presented to manifest the validity of the proposed method.
5.1. A Cantilever Tube
A cantilever tube is taken as the first test example, which is presented in Figure 3. Both of the two forces on it are interval variables, and (N), (N). The thickness of the tube is denoted as , which is fuzzy and its membership function is shown in Figure 4. Considering that, the stress at the right end of the tube should be less than , which is a random variable and follows a normal distribution of . Then the limit-state function can be obtained as follows:
is calculated by the following equations:
The reliability probability by using our approach is , which is a bit lower than the interval analysis result of 91.75%. It is clearly shown that our approach can deal with the interval expansion problem such that our result is more conservative when compared with that obtained from interval analysis directly.
5.2. A Freely-Supported Beam
Figure 5 presents a freely supported beam subjecting to uniform load , which is a random variable, and kN/mm2. The values of section width and height are 120 mm and 240 mm, respectively. Length of the beam is an interval variable, and mm. The beam is made of 45-steel and its strength is a fuzzy parameter. The membership function of is
Based on material mechanics, the maximum stress of the simple free beam is
So the performance function can be denoted as
is converted into equivalent normal distributed random variable, so the equivalent deviation is , and the equivalent mean . Then the random variable and the equivalent random variable are transforming into interval variables of and , respectively, and , . Finally the the hybrid reliability is obtained and its value is 0.9009, which is smaller than the outcome of interval analysis, 0.9687. Again, we can say that the proposed method can tackle the interval expansion problem and get more conservative reliability result.
5.3. An Automobile Frame
The proposed method is finally applied into calculating the reliability of a practical frame structure of a dump truck, which is shown in Figure 6. The frame is subjected to three major forces from engine assembly, carriage, and operation cabin. For the reason that these loads are alterable, they all have variation interval. The bounds of the interval parameters are presented in Table 1. Young’s Modulus is a random variable because of the manufacturing error, and it follows a distribution of . The performance function is denoted aswhere is the maximum vertical displacement allowed in the static state, and it is a fuzzy variable, whose membership function is
Due to the implicit relationship between the structural parameters and the structural response (displacement), the Latin Hypercube Sampling method and Design of Experiment method are employed. The displacement of the frame is obtained by finite element method (FEM) in commercial software Abaqus. After that, the equation of ) is obtained by Moving Least Square Response Surface Method, and we reach the limit-state function. At last the hybrid reliability is obtained as 95.85%. The frame seems to be relatively reliable on its static state, but structural optimization should be performed when dynamic factors are considered.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, a hybrid reliability analysis method based on universal grey number is proposed. The method can calculate the reliability of structure under simultaneous random, interval, and fuzzy uncertainty. It can conclude a more accurate result, comparing with traditional interval analysis, because the universal grey number has the ability of reducing interval expansion. Moreover, the universal grey number calculation process is simple and has precise results. Three examples, including a engineering problem, demonstrate that our method can achieve more conservative outcomes compared with those obtained from interval analysis directly.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflicts of interest were reported by the authors.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant no. 11672104] and the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars in China [Grant no. 11225212].