Abstract
The relationships among the generation of acoustic emission, electromagnetic emission, and the fracture stress of rock grain are investigated, which are based on the mechanism of acoustic emission and electromagnetic emission produced in the process of indenting rock. Based on the relationships, the influence of loading rate on the characteristics of acoustic emission and electromagnetic emission of rock fragmentation is further discussed. Experiment on rock braking was carried out with three loading rates of 0.001 mm/s, 0.01 mm/s, and 0.1 mm/s. The results show that the phenomenon of acoustic emission and electromagnetic emission is produced during the process of loading and breaking rock. The wave forms of the two signals and the curve of the cutter indenting load show jumping characteristics. Both curves have good agreement with each other. With the increase of loading rate, the acoustic emission and electromagnetic emission signals are enhanced. Through analysis, it is found that the peak count rate, the energy rate of acoustic emission, the peak intensity, the number of pulses of the electromagnetic emission, and the loading rate have a positive correlation with each other. The experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis. The proposed studies can lead to an in-depth understanding of the rock fragmentation mechanism and help to prevent rock dynamic disasters.
1. Introduction
Machinery is frequently used to break rock in mining, tunnel driving, drilling blasting and oil-gas drilling, and other geotechnical engineering fields. The intrusive rock fragmentation mechanism is of great importance, since the intrusive rock is the basic form of mechanical broken rock. Rock fragmentation mainly related to the rock crack initiation and propagation in the process of indenting rock. The process of crack propagation can be described as the stress relaxation process and releasing parts of the internal energy in the rock. As a result, this part of the energy is manifested in the form of elastic waves and electromagnetic waves, generating acoustic emission (AE) and electromagnetic emission (EME) [1, 2]. The AE and EME signals can reflect the crack propagation and energy evolution of rock material continuously and in real-time [3–7]. Nowadays, most of researchers concentrated on the studies of the AE and EME generation, propagation, and characteristics during the rock break process [8–22]. Dong et al. [23, 24] studied the article on theoretical and experimental studies of localization methodology for AE and microseismic sources without premeasured wave velocity in mines. However, our works focus on the study of the rock fracture damage mechanism under different loading rates with the help of AE and EME signal. Therefore, in this paper, the brittle rock granite, which is common in engineering as research project, is used to study the mechanism of the AE and EME at different loading rates. Our work can lead to an in-depth understanding of the rock fragmentation mechanism and help to prevent rock dynamic disasters.
2. Theoretical Analysis
2.1. Effect of Loading Rate on AE
AE is generated by rapidly releasing energy in the local domain source of rock material generating the transient elastic wave, and the characteristic parameters of AE are parameters that represent the whole or individual behavior properties of the rock particles in the whole process. According to the principle of AE testing, the total relationship of AE is as follows [25]:where is the total number of AE, is working frequency, is the attenuation coefficient of AE wave, is the AE energy released by rock particle failure, is the initial loading AE energy, and is the number of AE events for particle deformation and failure.
The experimental results show [26] that, in the wide frequency band (0.1~1.0 MHz), the working frequency and the attenuation coefficient beta are proportional functions, so the upper formula can be simplified aswhere is constant, .
In a micropoint of view, when the rock is broken by a single grain under external stress, the magnitude for the released AE energy iswhere is external stress, is elastic modulus, and is grain size.
If the stress threshold is seen as the stress at which the grain begins to break, the energy emitted by the initial acoustic emission is (stress is )
Since the total probability of rock grain fragmentation obeys the Weibull distribution [1], a grain fragmentation produces an AE event. The total number of AE events produced by the rupture of rock grain under external stress (stress is ) is
Take the general circumstances into account , so the type can be simplified aswhere is the number of existing grains of rocks, is a constant related to rock properties, and is a constant associated with rock fracture.
Substituting (3), (4), and (6) into (2), the total number of AE is
The relationship between AE rate and stress and loading rate is obtained by taking the derivative of (7):
As a result, the relationship between the AE rate of the cutter is derived. According to (8), the AE rate is related to the loading rate, and the AE rate increases with the increase of loading rate.
2.2. Effect of Loading Rate on EME
Many scholars have analyzed the mechanism of EME from different standpoints. When the rock is loading, the rock crack acceleration generates charge and the charges’ motion produces EME. Based on the piezoelectric effect of crystal, Chen et al. [27] proposed that the phenomenon of EME during the rock broken is caused by the destruction of the piezoelectric crystal, which leads to the instantaneous charge movement.
Let the voltage of the crystal element be , the piezoelectric modulus be , and the microelement be destroyed during compressive stress ; then, the charge of the microelement end surface iswhere is the charge amount.
The electric field intensity of EME can be obtained by the EME model [28]:where is the acceleration of crack propagation, is the charge amount, is the speed of light, is the charge distance, and is the vacuum dielectric constant.
According to the mechanical model of the broken rock to analyze the force of the tool rock fragmentation [29], the tool intrudes into the broken rock and overcomes the rock breaking strength and frictional force and generates the tooling force of the rock:where is invasion depth, is the tool edge angle, is tool length, is the rock uniaxial compressive strength, and is the friction coefficient.
Due to the relationship between loading rate and rock single axial compressive strength [30],where is the coefficient of rock corrosion, is the loading rate; and is the dimensionless coefficient.
Substitute formula (12) into formula (11). The relationship between the intrusion force and loading rates is obtained:among them , .
The piezoelectric microelement is assumed to be the unit piezoelectric microelement. By substituting formula (13) into (10), the electromagnetic emission intensity of the broken rock was derived.
Through the above analysis, the relationship between the EME strength of the cutter is derived. According to formula (14), the EME intensity is related to the loading rate, and the intensity of EME increases with the increase of loading rate.
3. Testing System
The experimental system consists of loading system and AE and EME collection system, shown in Figure 1. The loading system of the test is the RMT-150C pressure testing machine; the signal acquisition system consists of AEwin-USB AE detection system, KBD5 EME monitoring system, and EME shielding system. To eliminate the friction between cutter and specimen face and environmental noise of the AE and EME signals, the total system gain is set to 76 dB (which is placed in front of 40 dB, the main discharge is 36 dB), the threshold value is set to 40 dB, and the sampling frequency is set to 5 Msps. The sample size of granite specimen is 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm; the physical and mechanical parameters are as follows: modulus of elasticity = 21.35 GPa, density = 2.6 × 103 kg/m3, compressive strength = 106.46 MPa, and tensile strength = 7.65 MPa. The displacement control method was adopted to perform a type-tool static intrusion breaking experiment, and the loading rate was set at three levels: 0.001 mm/s, 0.01 mm/s, and 0.1 mm/s.
(a) Sketch map of experimental device
(b) Physical map of experimental device
4. Testing Results
4.1. AE and EME Characteristics at Different Loading Rates
Experiments are conducted where a single cutter is penetrated into granite under different loading rates. The AE signal parameters, the EME signal parameters, and the load are recorded as shown in Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Through the analysis of the influence of the loading rate on the AE, EME, and rock breaking characteristics, it can be concluded as follows.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
As shown in Figures 2 and 3, AE and EME signal are basically increased with the increase of load. When loading rate is 0.001 mm/s, the jump phenomenon happens when the cutter is penetrated into the rock (A, B, C, D); AE and EME signals also have a sudden increase. AE and EME have same tendency under different loading rate.
The loading rate affects the damage of rock. The greater the loading rate, the greater the rock fragmentation. According to Table 1, it can be seen that, in the ultimate load condition, the crush of granite increases with the loading rate. Besides, the peak value and the energy rate of the AE and the peak intensity and the number of pulses of the EME increasing gradually with the loading rate show good agreement with theoretical analysis.
The EME signal generated by the granite failure with small loading rate shows large vibration before the EME signal reaches the first peak value. This can be interpreted as follows. The energy need to be accumulated when the cutter penetrates into the rock with the small loading rate, and the energy accumulation process affects the intensity of electromagnetic emission, resulting in the large vibration of the EME signal [31].
As shown in Table 1, when the indentation load is near 95% of the limit load, the AE and EME signals show jumping characteristics, reaching its maximum value. It means that the AE and the EME signal have a threshold. Since the thresholds of the AE and EME are reached before the rock broke, it is possible to use those thresholds to predict the rock damage instability.
4.2. Failure Characteristics of This Granite
The failure characteristics of this granite in the process of cutter invasion are given in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows this granite failure at different loading rates. When the cutter intrudes into the granite specimen, there is no obvious crack on the surface of the specimen. However, when the load reaches 95% of the limit load, the instantaneous failure of the specimen occurs suddenly and the expansion is rapid and violent. It can be found that the failure of the rock specimen is moving along one or a few main cracks, showing brittle fracture.
(a) Failure pattern of the granite at different loading rates
(b) The granite fragmentation at different loading rates
Compared with the failure mode of granite specimen under different loading rates, it can be found that the granite failure at different loading rates is similar to the one-word failure. The larger the loading rate is, the more severe the crack is, and the “crackling” sound can be heard simultaneously. Comparing the results in Figures 2 and 3 with the failure characteristics in Figure 4, one can find that the peak value and the energy rate of the AE, and the peak intensity and the number of pulses of the EME are related to the size of the crack.
Figure 4(b) shows this granite fragmentation at different loading rates. When the sample is loaded with the rate of 0.001 mm/s, large particle fragmentation is the main fragmentation. In contrast, when the sample is loaded with the rate of 0.1 mm/s, small particle fragmentation is the main fragmentation. The loading rate has a great influence on rock failure pattern, as well as the rock fragmentation.
5. Conclusions
This paper proposed the relationship among the generation of AE, EME, and the fracture stress of rock grain during rock broken process. Based on the relationships, the influence of loading rate on the characteristics of AE and EME of rock fragmentation is discussed. Theoretically, the AE and EME signals are enhanced with the increase of loading rate.
Experimental results with three rates show that the loading rate has a significant effect on the AE and EME signals. The greater the loading rate is, the greater the intensity of the AE and EME signals produced is. The peak value and the energy rate of the AE and the peak intensity and the number of pulses of the EME increasing gradually with the loading rate show good agreement with theoretical analysis. Therefore, it is possible to use AE and EME technology to monitor the rock breaking process.
Experimental results show that the AE and the EME signal have a threshold. Since the thresholds of the AE and EME are reached before the rock broke, it is possible to use those thresholds to predict the rock damage instability.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 51474103 and 51674116) is gratefully acknowledged.