Excitation and Propagation of Longitudinal L (0, 2) Mode Ultrasonic Guided Waves for the Detection of Damages in Hexagonal Pipes: Numerical and Experimental Studies

Figure 17

Multiple reflection from the right end of a normal hexagonal pipe, at the center excitation frequency of (a) 80 kHz, (b) 90 kHz, and (c) 100 kHz using the PZT ring with the size of 25 mm × 5 mm × 0.5 mm.

(a)

, (b)

(c)