Abstract
In order to make clear the pressure relief mechanism and application effect of directional hydraulic fracturing for gob-side entry retaining, the directional hydraulic fracturing was carried out by 400 m in haulage gateway remaining along the goaf in 50108 working face of Hejiata Coal Mine. Taking this as the engineering background, a mechanical model of roof cutting was established and the pressure relief mechanism was clarified. The theoretical research shows that it is the moments of gravity FG of the curved triangular roof plate at the face end, the pressure q of the overlying soft rock, and the transverse force TCB in the “voussoir beam” structure to the left endpoint of the triangular block, that is, , , and , which determines the roadside supporting resistance. Hydraulic fracturing can reduce the lateral cantilever length of the basic roof, thus greatly reducing the values of , , and , and significantly reduce the roadside supporting resistance. The field test shows that the directional hydraulic fracturing technology can effectively improve the stress environment of the face end and reduce the deformation of the roadway, and it has a good application effect on the gob-side entry retaining.
1. Introduction
The gob-side entry retaining technology can eliminate the section coal pillars and increase the coal recovery rate, reduce the number of roadways and the mine excavation rate, and realize Y-shaped ventilation in the mining face, which is beneficial to solve the gas problem. However, the roadway remaining along the goaf is affected by the mining of two working faces. It is affected by the violent rock activity in the goaf area of the upper section working face and also affected by the abutment pressure of the working face of the lower section. Both the roof and two sides of the roadway are severely deformed, along with the bottom drum, and it is difficult to maintain the roadway [1–5].
Roadway pressure relief technology can achieve the purpose of pressure relief by changing the integrity and continuity of the surrounding rock. Commonly used pressure relief methods are blasting and hydraulic fracturing [6–8]. Due to potential safety hazards in explosive blasting, its use in coal mines is strictly controlled. In recent years, hydraulic fracturing, as a safe, simple, and economical technology, has been increasingly used in coal mines. At present, hydraulic fracturing is widely used in the weakening of the hard roof [9–11], and there are few studies on its application in the gob-side entry retaining. In this paper, taking the 50108 working face of Hejiata Coal Mine as the engineering background, the hydraulic fracturing technology is used in the gob-side entry retaining and a roof mechanical model is established to clarify the pressure relief mechanism. The theory and field practice show that hydraulic fracturing technology can effectively alleviate the pressure of the roadway and performs well in retaining the roadway along the goaf.
2. Mechanical Model of the Roof in Gob-Side Entry Retaining
2.1. Mechanical Model of the Roof
After excavation, with the advance of the working face, the “O-X” type fracture occurs in the basic roof [12]. The basic roof will form a curved triangular plate structure (key block B) at the face end and an inverted trapezoidal structure (key block C) on the working face. When the advance distance reaches the limit span L1 of the basic roof, the key block B and the key block C revolve and sink, and the working face is pressed. With the advance of the working face, the basic roof breaks periodically. The basic roof of the working face in the lower section is the key block A. On the I-I section, the key block A, the key block B, and the key block C form a hinged structure, as shown in Figure 1(b).
(a)
(b)
In Figure 1, m is the thickness of the coal seam, h is the thickness of the direct roof, and H is the basic roof thickness; x0 is the fracture position of the key block B; a is the width of the roadway; b is the width of the roadside support; Li is the limit span of the basic roof, means the first or periodic weighting length during the first or periodic weighting stage of basic roof; L2 is the lateral span of key block B; θ is the rotation angle of the basic roof.
The remaining roadway along the goaf is located at the face end, and its basic roof is the key block B. The direct roof will produce a certain length of suspended roof due to the supporting effect of coal pillar, and its weight will be borne by the roadside support.
Lagging behind the working face for a certain distance, the key block B loses stability, rotates, and sinks, and then the direct roof collapses. The pressure and deformation of the roadway increase rapidly. The roadside support cannot prevent the subsidence of the basic roof, but it can control and reduce the direct roof separation and limit subsidence amount of the basic roof. It can be considered that the pressure appearance of roadway retaining along the goaf is mainly determined by the instability of key block B.
2.2. Mechanical Parameters of Key Block B
2.2.1. Lateral Span L2 of Key Block B
According to the failure theory of plates, the expression of L2 is derived by using the void principle [13].
At the first collapse of the base roof,
At the periodic collapse of the base roof,where L0 and L1 are the first and periodic weighting length of the basic roof, respectively.
2.2.2. The Fracture Position of the Key Block B
With the advance of the working face, the abutment pressure is generated in front of the coal wall, and part of the coal body enters the plastic state. When the pressure exceeds the strength of the coal body, the coal will be damaged and lose its supporting capacity. Since the bearing capacity of the coal in the plastic state is greatly reduced and extremely unstable, the subsidence and bending of the overlying rock beam cannot be prevented, which creates the conditions for the rock beam to break in front of the coal wall. According to the theory of elastic-plastic mechanics, the formula of the fracture position x0 of the key block B is [14]where m is the mining height, is the internal friction angle of the coal body, C0 is the cohesion in the coal body, K is the stress concentration coefficient, γ is the average volume force of the overburden, MN/m3, H is the buried depth, and P is the support resistance of the coal side, MPa.
3. Pressure Relief Mechanism of Hydraulic Fracturing for Gob-Side Entry Retaining
3.1. Roadside Supporting Resistance
3.1.1. Stress Analysis of Key Direct Roof
The direct roof is clamped by the basic roof and the coal body, assuming that the edge is a fixed-support boundary. The mechanical model of the direct roof is shown in Figure 2.
In Figure 2, FM is the resultant force of the basic roof to the direct roof; Fg is the gravity of the direct roof; σy is the support force of the coal body, MPa; P is the support resistance of the coal side, MPa; fs is the roof support resistance, N/m, and assumed to be a uniform load; fd is the supporting force of the backfill and assumed to be a uniform load, N/m; M is the bending moment of the direct roof at point O; and Fx and Fy are the boundary resistance.
Suppose the abscissa of the coal wall is 0, the front of the coal wall is the positive direction of the x-axis, and the vertical direction is the y-axis, as seen in Figure 2, according to the limit equilibrium theory, the supporting force of the coal body can be obtained as [14]
The moments of FM, Fg, fs, fd, and σy to point O are
Due to the edge is a fixed-support boundary, then
According to the , we get
3.1.2. Stress Analysis of Key Block B
The force analysis of the key block B is shown in Figure 3, where MA and MB are the residual bending moments of key block B at both ends, TAB and TCB are the horizontal thrust force of key block A and C to key block B, respectively, and NAB and NCB are shear stress of key block A and C to key block B, respectively; FG is the gravity of the key block B; q is the pressure of the overlying soft rock layer, assuming a uniform load, ignoring the influence of the supporting force of the goaf gangue.
TCB can be obtained as [15]where α is the base angle of the curved triangle block.
The moments of FM, FG, TCB, NCB, and q to point A are, respectively,
According to the , we get
Combine formula (10) and formula (7) to get
3.2. Pressure Relief Mechanism of Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing cuts off the cantilever length of the direct roof and reduces the pressure from the direct roof during normal propulsion.
It makes the direct roof collapse in time with the mining, fills the goaf better, and reduces the subsidence amount of the basic roof. At the same time, hydraulic fracturing cuts off the lateral cantilever length of the base top, causing the base roof to fall along the prefracture line, thus reducing the pressure from the base roof. Assuming that the rotation angle θ of the key block is constant, the mechanical model is shown in Figure 4.
In formula (11), MB, MA, M, , , and can be regarded as constants, ignoring the influence of the shear force of key block C on key block B (). Therefore, it is , , and that play a decisive role in Fd.
As can be seen from Figure 4, the key block B falls along the prefracture line and becomes two smaller blocks B1 and B2. The length of the basic top suspension decreases from L2 to L2′, which significantly reduced , , and , and their values were
Therefore, after the roof cutting of hydraulic fracturing, the roadside support resistance is significantly reduced.
4. Field Test
4.1. Basic Information of Test Site
The test site was selected in Hejiata Coal Mine, Shaanxi Province, and the hydraulic fracturing was carried out for the gob-side entry retaining in the haulage gateway of 50108 working face. The roadway mileage was 1950–1550 m, the test length was 400 m, the roadway width was 5.5 m, and the height is 3.2 m.
The coal thickness is 2.6–3.6 m with an average of 3m. Coal seam dip angle is 1–3°, near horizontal coal seam; the buried depth is 86–245 m, a shallow coal seam. The working face length is 245 m, and propulsion length is 4462 m. The roof strata are shown in Figure 5.
4.2. Directional Hydraulic Fracturing Scheme
4.2.1. Ground Stress Measurement
The crack propagation direction is along the direction of maximum principal stress [3]. Therefore, the measurement of ground stress is very important for hydraulic fracturing. The maximum horizontal principal stress, minimum horizontal principal stress , and vertical principal stress were measured by type SSYY-56 hydraulic fracturing ground stress measuring instrument in the haulage gateway (see Table 1).
4.2.2. Drilling Parameters and Layout
(1) Cutting Angle (α). Hydraulic fracturing is carried out in advance of the working face. In order to prevent roadway roof from separating, a certain angle is required for drilling. The angle should not be too small or too large, when the angle is too small, the roof needs to overcome greater shear force, and when the angle is too large, the suspension length of the roof cantilever will be increased. Generally, the cutting angle α is 70–75°.
The drilling construction angle is set at 45°, so the cutting angle along the I-I section is 70°. Since the propagation direction of the crack is along the direction of the maximum principal stress, in order to facilitate make crack propagation easier, the direction of borehole layout should be perpendicular to the direction of the maximum principal stress as far as possible. According to the ground stress measurement result, the angle between the borehole and the roadway axis is set as 20°, as shown in Figure 6.
(a)
(b)
(2) Cutting Height. The cutting height Hm refers to the maximum vertical height of the borehole. First, Hm should be at least greater than the thickness of the direct roof, which can make the direct roof collapse in time and better fill goaf. The direct roof height is m/(Kh−1), so Hm ≥ m/(Kh−1).
Secondly, according to the borehole column and the practical mine pressure theory [13], the number and location of the basic roof can be judged. The cutting height Hm should be the thickness of the basic roof. According to Figure 5, it can be seen that the second basic roof is 29 m above the coal seam, so the cutting height Hm is finally determined to be 29 m, and the relationship between drilling height Hm and drilling depth Hd is Hm = Hdcosα.
(3) Drilling Spacing. Drilling spacing should ensure that the fractures produced by hydraulic fracturing between two holes can be connected. Field observation shows that when the horizontal spacing of boreholes is 10 m, water flows out from the boreholes near the fracturing holes, indicating that the expansion range of fractures can reach about 20 m. To ensure the roof-cutting effect, the horizontal spacing of boreholes on site is set at 10 m, and the layout of boreholes is shown in Figure 6.
4.2.3. Construction Techonology
(1)Using a special drill bit to prefabricate transverse notch in the hard roof, that is equivalent to setting an artificial fracture: fracturing will cause stress concentration at the tip of the crack, which can effectively reduce the pressure required for crack production and make the crack expand along the direction of the notch at the initial stage.(2)Sealing the hole: the inflatable straddle packer adopted for hole sealing ensures the stepwise fracturing in the hard strata. The fracturing process stopped at a distance of 8m from the bore hole, and the fracturing is performed once every 3 m, with each fracturing time of 20 min.(3)Fracturing: according to the elastic theory, the pressure required for fracture production is [16]and are the maximum and minimum ground stress, respectively; is the uniaxial tensile strength of the rock, taking the value of 15 MPa. According to the ground stress measurement results in Table 1, the pressure required for crack production can be calculated as 20.7 MPa. Considering the pressure loss and a certain surplus coefficient, the rated pressure of the pump can be determined as 35 MPa.
5. Data Analysis
5.1. Hydraulic Fracturing Curve
As shown in Figure 7, during the fracturing process, the fracture propagation pressure is relatively constant, maintained at about 15 MPa. The fracturing curve is tightly jagged, which shows that fractures continue to propagate with nearly the same and relatively small size each time, and the fracture propagation effect is good.
(a)
(b)
5.2. Working Resistant of Face-End Support before and after Fracturing
Before and after hydraulic fracturing, the working resistant of face-end support is shown in Figure 8. It can be seen that the average pressure before fracturing is 4588 KN, and after fracturing is 3271 KN; the reduction is 1317 KN, and the reduction rate is 29%. It indicates that hydraulic fracturing effectively reduces the face-end pressure and improves the stress environment.
5.3. Effect of Gob-Side Entry Retaining
In the test section of gob-side entry retaining in 50108 working face, the deformation of the roadway and the bolt’s force were monitored on the spot.
The force of the bolt is shown in Figure 9. The results show that the bolt stress 20 m ahead of the working face starts to increase, 10 m–40 m behind the working face, the stress increases rapidly, and 80 m behind the working face the stress gradually stabilizes. The overall force of the bolt is relatively small, and the maximum value does not exceed 60 kN, which is far from the supporting ability 120 kN of the bolt.
Through site monitoring, the displacement of the roof and floor of the roadway retaining along the goaf is ≤160 mm. 100 m behind the working face, the effect diagram of gob-side entry retaining is shown in Figure 10.
Therefore, the application of hydraulic fracturing for the gob-side entry retaining can significantly improve the stress environment of the face end and reduce the roof pressure and roadway deformation, and the application effect is good.
6. Conclusion
(1)It is the moments of gravity FG of the curved triangular roof plate, the pressure q of the overlying soft rock, and the transverse force TCB of the “voussoir beam” to the left endpoint of the triangular block, that is , , and , which determines the roadside supporting resistance. Hydraulic fracturing reduces the lateral cantilever length of the basic roof, thus greatly reducing the values of , , and and can significantly reduce the roadside supporting resistance.(2)Hydraulic fracturing can significantly improve the stress environment of the face end, reduce the amount of roadway deformation, and achieve good application results. In the field test in Hejiata Coal Mine, the resistance of the end support decreases by 29%, and the maximum displacement of the roof and floor is 160 mm.Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.