Cellular and Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Table 3

Markers involved in orthodontic tooth movement collected from GCF and saliva.

Marker	Function	Sample	Method	Sources
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	Bone formation	Human saliva and GCF	Enzyme assay	[17–19]
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Tissue damage and inflammatory process	Human GCF	Enzyme assay	[20–22]
Cathepsin B	Resolution organic matrix; bone resorption	Human GCF	Fluorometry, enzyme assay, Western blot	[23, 24]
Dentine phosphoprotein (DPP)	Root resorption	Human GCF	ELISA	[25]
Dentine sialoprotein (DSP)	Root resorption	Human GCF	Western blot	[26]
Activity index of Interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist	IL-1β is potent for bone resorption and the inhibition of bone formation	Human GCF	ELISA	[27]
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)	B-cell activation, stimulates macrophages and NK Cell, T-cell proliferation, osteoclastic activity	Human GCF	Immunoassay	[28]
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)	Stimulates osteoclast formation and bone resorbing activity of preformed osteoclasts	Human GCF	Immunoassay	[28]
Interleukin-8 (IL-8)	Recruitment and activation of neutrophils	Human GCF	Immunoassay	[28]
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	For monitoring periodontal metabolic changes, index of tissue destruction	Human saliva and GCF	Enzyme assay	[19, 29, 30]
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)	PDL remodelling during initial tooth movement	Human GCF	Western blot	[31]
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)	PDL remodelling during initial tooth movement	Human GCF	Western blot	[31]
Myeloperoxidase	To asses inflammation in orthodontic movement	Human GCF	Enzyme assay	[32]
Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)	Osteoclastic differentiation	Human GCF	Enzyme assay	[19]