The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 274942, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/274942
Review Article
The Role of Biotechnology for Conservation and Biologically Active Substances Production of Rhodiola rosea: Endangered Medicinal Species
Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Received 31 October 2011; Accepted 22 December 2011
Academic Editor: Vidadi Yusibov
Copyright © 2012 Krasimira Tasheva and Georgina Kosturkova. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- K. Matthys, J. Julsing, W. Quax, and O. Kayser, “The Engineering of medicinal plants: prospects and limitations of medicial plant biotechnology,” in Medicinal Plant Biotechnology from Basic Research to Industrial Applications, O. Kayser and W. J. Quax, Eds., pp. 1–8, Wiley-VCH/Vergal GmbH & Co., Weinheim, Germany, 2007. View at Google Scholar
- National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines, Report of a WHO global survey, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, May 2005, http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s7916e/s7916e.pdf.
- The World Medicines Situation 2011, Traditionl medicines: Global situation, issues and challenges, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 3rd edition, 2011, http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/world_medicines_situation/WMS_ch18_wTraditionalMed.pdf.
- WHO, 2010, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/.
- G. Vines, “Herbal harvests with a future: towards sustainable sources for medicinal plants,” Plantlife International, 2004, http://www.plantlife.org.uk/.
- R. Edwards, “No remedy in sight for herbal ransack,” New Scientist, vol. 181, no. 2429, pp. 10–11, 2004. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. H. Canter, H. Thomas, and E. Ernst, “Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology,” Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 180–185, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- FAO, 2010, http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/2010-international-year-of-biodiversity/en/.
- A. Vitkova and L. Evstatieva, “Spread and resources of medicinal plants in NP ‘Rila’,” in Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference on Medicinal plants—Solution 2000, pp. 79–87, Sofia, Bulgaria, June 1999.
- L. Evstatieva and R. Hardalova, “Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Bulgaria,” Medicinal Plant Conservation, vol. 9-10, pp. 24–28, 2004. View at Google Scholar
- L. Evstatieva, “A review of the cultivation of endangered medicinal plants in Bulgaria,” Annuire de l'Universite de Sofia "St. Kl. Ohridski" Faculte de Biologie Livre 2 Botanique, vol. 97, pp. 45–52, 2006. View at Google Scholar
- L. Evstatieva, R. Hardalova, and K. Stoyanova, “Medicinal plants in Bulgaria: diversity, legislation, conservation and trade,” Phytologia Balcanica, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 415–427, 2007. View at Google Scholar
- M. Mladenova, “Bulgaria—the most exporter of medicinal plants in Europe”,” in Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference on Medicinal Plants—Solution 2000, pp. 110–117, Sofia, Bulgaria, June 1999.
- L. Tripathi and J. N. Tripathi, “Role of biotechnology in medeicnal plants,” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 243–253, 2003. View at Google Scholar
- M. Y. Khan, S. Aliabbas, V. Kumar, and S. Rajkumar, “Resent Advances in Medcinal Plant Biotehology,” Indian Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 8, pp. 9–22, 2009. View at Google Scholar
- R. Verpoorte, A. Contin, and J. Memelink, “Biotechnology for the production of plant secondary metabolites,” Phytochemistry Reviews, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–25, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Ramachandra Rao and G. A. Ravishankar, “Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites,” Biotechnology Advances, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 101–153, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. M. Nalawade, A. P. Sagare, C. Y. Lee, C. L. Kao, and H. S. Tsay, “Studies on tissue culture of Chinese medicinal plant resources in Taiwan and their sustainable utilization,” Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 79–98, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K.M. Julsing, W. J. Quax, and O. Kayser, “The engineering of medicinal plants: prospects and limitations of medicinal plant biotechnology,” in Medicinal Plant Biotechnology: From Basic Research to Industrial Applications, O. Kayser and W. J. Quax, Eds., pp. 1–8, Wiley, 2007. View at Google Scholar
- G. S. Kelly, “Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen,” Alternative Medicine Review, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 293–302, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. P. Brown, P. L. Gorbarg, and Z. Ramazanov , “Rhodiola rosea—a phytomedicinal overview,” Herbal Gram, vol. 56, pp. 40–52, 2002. View at Google Scholar
- A. Kucinskaite, V. Briedis, and A. Savickas, “Experimental analysis of therapeutic properties of Rhodiola rosea L. and its possible application in medicine,” Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 614–619, 2004 (Russian). View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Panossian, G. Wikman, and J. Sarris, “Rosenroot (Rhodiola rosea): traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical efficacy,” Phytomedicine, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 481–493, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. A. Khnykina and M. I. Zotova, “To the pharmacognostic study of Rhodiola rosea,” Aptechnoe Delo, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 34–38, 1966. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. S. Saratikov, E. A. Krasnov, L. A. Hnikina, and L. M. Duvidzon, “Introduction and chemical investigations biologically active substances from Rose root and chetyrehlepestnoy,” News of AN SSSR, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 54–60, 1967 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- A. S. Saratikov and E. A. Krasnov, Rhodiola rosea—Valuable Medicinal Plant (Golden root), Tomsk, 3rd edition, 1987.
- V. V. Komar, Z. V. Karpliuk, S. M. Kit, L. V. Komar, and V. O. Smolins'ka, “Macro- and microelement composition of root extracts of Rhodiola rosea (golden root),” Farmatsevtychnyi Zhurnal, vol. 3, pp. 58–60, 1980 (Ukrainian). View at Google Scholar
- V. A. Kurkin, G. G. Zapesochnaya, U. N. Gorbunov, E. L. Nukhimowskii, A. I. Shreter, and A. N. Shchavlinskii, “Chemical investigations same species Rhodiola L. and Sedum L. and questions about their chemicals composition and taxonomy,” Plant Resources, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 310–319, 1986 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- A. G. Dubichev, V. A. Kurkin, G. G. Zapesochnaya, and E. D. Vorontsov, “Chemical composition of the rhizomes of the Rhodiola rosea by the HPLC method,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 161–164, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Furmanowa, B. Kedzia, M. Hartwich et al., “Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Rhodiola rosea L.,” Herba Polonica, vol. 45, pp. 108–113, 1999. View at Google Scholar
- V. A. Kurkin and G. G. Zapesochnaya, “Chemical composition and pharmacological characteristics of Rhodiola rosea,” Journal of Medicinal Plants, pp. 1231–1445, 1985. View at Google Scholar
- V. A. Kurkin and G. G. Zapesochnaya, “Chemical composition and pharmacological properties of Rhodiola rosea,” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Journal (Moscow), vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1231–1244, 1986. View at Google Scholar
- S. A. Patov, V. V. Punegov, and A. V. Kuchin, “Synthesis of the Rhodiola rosea glycoside rosavin,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 397–399, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. G. Zapesochnaya and V. A. Kurkin, “Glycosides from alcohol extract from rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea,” Chemical Natural Products, vol. 6, pp. 723–727, 1982 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- V. A. Kurkin, G. G. Zapesochnaya, and A. N. Shchavlinskii, “Terpenoids of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes,” Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, vol. 5, pp. 632–636, 1985. View at Google Scholar
- V. A. Kurkin, G. G. Zapesochnaya, A. N. Shchavlinskii, E. L. Nukhimovskii, and V. V. Vandyshev, “Method for determination of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes authenticity and quality,” Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, vol. 19, pp. 185–190, 1985. View at Google Scholar
- A. T. Troshchenko and G. A. Kutikova, “Rhodioloside from Rhodiola rosea and Rhodiola quadrifida,” Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 244–249, 1967. View at Google Scholar
- R. I. Peshekhova, V. D. Gol’tsev, and L. A. Khnykina, “Determination of salidroside in Rhodiola rosea extracts,” in Izuch. Lekarstvenii Rastenii Sib., Mezhvuz. Nauchnoe Konferencii, pp. 83–84, 1973.
- V. A. Kurkin, G. G. Zapesochnaya, A. A. Kiryanov et al., “The qualities of extract of rose root,” Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1364–1367, 1989 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- I. F. Satsiperova, I. A. Pautova, V. A. Kurkin, and G. G. Zapesochnaya, “Biologically active substances in Rhodiola rosea roots and rhizomes from Peterburg,” Plant Resources, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 26–31, 1993 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- E. M. Antipenko and P. V. Kuznetsov, “Affinity-type polymer adsorbents in the study of physiologically active substances. XII. Separation and analysis of phenolic compounds in Rhodiola rosea L. extracts on adsorbents with phenolic ligands,” Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, vol. 32, pp. 48–51, 1998 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- P. T. Linh, Y. H. Kim, S. P. Hong, J. J. Jian, and J. S. Kang, “Quantitative determination of salidroside and tyrosol from the underground part of Rhodiola rosea by high perfomance liquid chromatography,” Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 57–59, 2002 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- G. G. Zapesochnaya, V. A. Kurkin, and A. N. Shchavlinskii, “Flavonoids of the epigeal part of Rhodiola rosea: II. Structures of new glycosides of herbacetin and of gossypetin,” Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, vol. 4, pp. 496–507, 1985 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- N. A. Nekratova, E. A. Krasnov, N. F. Nekratov, and S. I. Mikhailova, “Changes of quantitative contents of salidroside and tannins in underground organs of Rhodiola rosea L. in its natural habitats in Altai,” Plant Resources, vol. 28, pp. 40–48, 1992 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- E. P. Shirokov, D. Badgaa, and I. V. Kobozev, “Essential oil content in plants used in the production of tonics,” Izvestiya Timiryazevskoi Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii, vol. 3, pp. 187–191, 1980 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- V. N. Belov, T. V. Lavrova, N. G. Vashkevich, and A. Y. Mikhailov, “Extraction of essential oils from plant raw material by steam distillation,” Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, vol. 67, pp. 154–156, 1994. View at Google Scholar
- G. G. Yousef, M. H. Grace, D. M. Cheng, I. V. Belolipov, I. Raskin, and M. A. Lila, “Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species,” Phytochemistry, vol. 67, no. 21, pp. 2380–2391, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Ganzera, Y. Yaylaq, and I. A. Khan, “Analysis of the marker copounds of Rhodiola rosea L. (golden root) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 349–352, 2000. View at Google Scholar
- J. Rohloff, “Volatiles from rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L,” Phytochemistry, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 655–661, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. N. Evstatieva and T. A. Revina, “Investigation of Polyphenols in Rhodiola rosea Groupe polyphenols,” Journees Internationales d’Etudes, vol. 12, pp. 127–128, 1984. View at Google Scholar
- V. Komarova, Flora USSR, vol. 9, 1961.
- “Flora of Canadian Artic Archipelago,” ver. 29, 2003.
- Flora of Republic of Bulgaria, vol. 4, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1970.
- N. I. Igosheva and E. A. Shurova, “Spread of some wild grown medicinal and strawberry species in Tyumen,” Plant Resources, vol. 2, pp. 57–62, 2003 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- I. Kajmakanova, “Ecologically and phytochemical investigation of Rhodiola rosea L. (family Crassulaceae) in Bulgaria (in natural ant cultural conditions),” in Scientific publications from Student scientific conference “Conservation of the biological diversity and management of the protected areas”, pp. 3–9, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2005.
- “Bulgarian Law Gazette (State newspaper),” vol. 77, 2002.
- “Bulgarian Law Gazette (State newspaper),” vol. 29, 2000.
- V. A. Moryakina, T. P. Sviridova, T. N. Belyaeva, G. Ya. Stepanuk, V. P. Amelchenkov, and N. S. Zinner, “Conservation of plant biodiversity flora from Siberia botanical garden,” Tomskova GOSUniversity, Nespapers VOG&S, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 555–562, 2008. View at Google Scholar
- R. Jens, Cultivation of herbs and medicinal plants in Norway—essential oil production and quality control, Ph.D. thesis, The Plant Biocentre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, 2003.
- S. Platikanov and L. Evstatieva, “Introduction of wild golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) as a potential economic crop in Bulgaria,” Economic Botany, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 621–627, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. N. Kaftanat, M. V. Bodrug, and V. N. Floryia, “Enhanced multiplication of Rhodioloa rosea in Moldova,” in Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Medicinal Botany, p. 64, Kiev, Ukraine, 1988.
- E. B. Kirichenko, S. S. Rudenko, B. M. Baglaj, and U. G. Masikevich, “Leaf culture from invitro propagated Rhodiola rosea,” Bulletin GBS, RAN, vol. 169, pp. 50–54, 1994 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- O. F. Bazuk, G. G. Baraneckii, and L. V. Fedyaj, “Micropropagation of rose root,” in Proceedings of the Conference of Investigations of Ontogenesis Natural and Cultural Flora in Botanical Garden Eurasia, pp. 6–8, Kiev, Ukraine, 1994.
- T. Murashige and F. Skoog, “A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures,” Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 473–497, 1962. View at Google Scholar
- M. Furmanowa, H. Oledzka, M. Michalska, I. Sokolnicka, and D. Radomska, “Rhodiola rosea L. (Roseroot): in vitro regeneration and the biological acivity of roots,” in Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 33 of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VIII, pp. 412–426, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1995. View at Google Scholar
- V. Kapchina-Toteva and L. Sokolov, “In vitro micropropagation of Rhodiola rosea L.,” Annuaire de L’Universite de Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski”, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 222–226, 1997. View at Google Scholar
- W. B. Yin, W. Li, G. S. Du, and Q. N. Huang, “Studies on tissue culture of Tibetan Rhodiola rosea,” Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, vol. 24, pp. 1506–1510, 2004. View at Google Scholar
- L. Hai-jun, G. Bin, Y. Qiong, L. Yu-jun, and L. Chun-Zhao, “Tissue culture of four Rhodiola species,” Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, pp. 207–210, 2006. View at Google Scholar
- K. Tasheva and G. Kosturkova, “Bulgarian golden root in vitro cultures for micropropagation and reintroduction,” Central European Journal of Biology, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 853–863, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. M. Ishmuratova, “Clonal micropropagation of Rhodiola rosea L. and R. iremelica Boriss. in vitro,” Plant Resources, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12–23, 1998 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- S. C. Debnath, “Zeatin and TDZ-induced shoot proliferation and use of bioreactor in clonal propagation of medicinal herb, roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L),” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 245–248, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Gogu, M. Hârţan, D. Nicuţă, and D. Maftei, “Preliminary data regarding Rhodiola rosea L. in vitro,” in Proceedings of the Scientific Papers of the 5th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (CMAPSEEC '08), pp. 1–6, Brno, Czech Republic, September 2008.
- B. Dimitrov, K. Tasheva, N. Zagorska, and L. Evstatieva, “In vitro cultivation of Rhodiola rosea L.,” Genetics and Breeding, vol. 32, no. 1-2, pp. 3–6, 2003. View at Google Scholar
- K. Tasheva, N. Zagorska, B. Dimitrov, and L. Evstatieva, “In vitro cultivation of Rhodiola rosea L.,” in Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, vol. 2, pp. 161–165, Octobre 2003.
- Z. Nurazah, M. Radzali, A. Syahida, and M. Maziah, “Effects of plant growth regulators on callus induction from Cananga odorata flower petal explant,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 2740–2743, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. M. Ishmuratova, “Effect of Rhodiola rosea plant extracts on the in vitro development of Rhodiola rosea L. and Rhodiola iremelica Boriss Explants,” Biotekhnologiya, vol. 6, pp. 52–56, 2002 (Russian). View at Google Scholar
- K. Tasheva and G. Kosturkova, Rhodiola rosea in vitro cultures peculiarities, series F, Biotechnology, Bucharest Romania, 2010.
- M. Bozhilova, L. Evstatieva, and K. Tasheva, “Salidroside content in in vitro propagated Rhodiola rosea L.,” in Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (CMAPSEEC '08), Brno, Czech republic, 2008.
- K. Tasheva and G. Kosturkova, “Rhodiola rosea L. in vitro plants morphophysiological and cytological characteristics,” Romanian Biotechnological Letters, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 79–85, 2011. View at Google Scholar
- M. Furmanowa, M. Hartwich, A. W. Alfermann, W. Koźmiński, and M. Olejnik, “Rosavin as a product of glycosylation by Rhodiola rosea (roseroot) cell cultures,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 105–110, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Z. György, A. Tolonen, M. Pakonen, P. Neubauer, and A. Hohtola, “Enhancing the production of cinnamyl glycosides in compact callus aggregate cultures of Rhodiola rosea by biotransformation of cinnamyl alcohol,” Plant Science, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 229–236, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Z. György, Glycoside production by in vitro Rhodiola rosea cultures, Ph.D. thesis, Acta Universitatis Ouluensis C Tehnica 244, Oulu, Finland, 2006.
- A. Krajewska-Patan, A. Mscisz, B. Kedzia, and J. Lutomski, “The influence of elicitation on the tissue cultures of roseroot (Rhodiola rosea),” Herba Polonica, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 77–81, 2002. View at Google Scholar
- A. Krajewska-Patan, M. Dreger, A. Lowicka et al., “Chemical investigation of biottransformed Rhodiola rosea callus tissue,” Herba Polonica, vol. 53, no. 4, 2007. View at Google Scholar
- A. Krajewska-Patan, M. Dreger, A. Lowicka et al., “Preliminary pharmacological investigation of biotransformed roseroot (Rhodiola rosea) callus tissue,” Herba Polonica, vol. 54, no. 3, 2008. View at Google Scholar
- K. Tasheva, In vitro cultures of Rhodiola rosea—investigations of possibilities to propagation and conservation of the species and production of biologically active substances, Ph.D. thesis, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2011.
- S. Chang-zhong, H. Tie-Qiang, B. H. Y. Ying-Jin, and J. Yan, “Effects of plant growth substances on induction and culture of callus from Rhodiola quadrifida,” China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, vol. 30, no. 16, pp. 1237–4016, 2005 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar
- W. Li, G.-S. Du, and Q.-N. Huang, “Salidroside contents and related enzymatic activities in Rhodiola kirilowii callus,” Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1645–1648, 2005. View at Google Scholar
- S. Hong, T. Fang, G. Yan, and Z. Rui-lin, “Callus induction and plant regeneration in Rhodiola coccinea,” Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 58–61, 2008 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar
- X. Jianfeng, Z. Yan, H. Aiming, and F. Pusun, “Induction and culture of calli from Rhodiola sachalinesis A. Bor.,” Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, vol. 1, pp. 19–25, 1995 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar
- L. Jianfeng, Y. Xiufeng, L. Xia, and C. Yunqing, “Callus induction and plant regeneration from leaf explants of Rhodiola sachalinesis A. Bor.,” Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2007 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar
- L. Jianfeng, Y. Xiufeng, C. Yun-Qing, and Z. Xiao-Mei, “Cryopreservation of calli by vitrification and plant regeneration of Rhodiola sachalinesis,” Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar
- L. Jian-Feng, C. Yun-Qing, and C. Zhi-Wen, “Protoplast isolation and plant regeneration from leaves of Rhodiola sachalinesis,” Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, vol. 7, pp. 2010–2014, 2009 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar
- S. Wu, Y. Zu, and M. Wu, “High yield production of salidroside in the suspension culture of Rhodiola sachalinensis,” Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 33–43, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Yun-Mei, “Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Yunnan Wild Rhodiola crenulata,” Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 57–61, 2009 (Chinese). View at Google Scholar