Effect of Long-Term Paddy-Upland Yearly Rotations on Rice (Oryza sativa) Yield, Soil Properties, and Bacteria Community Diversity
Table 1
Experimental design of six paddy-upland crop rotation systems.
Label
Cropping system
Year of start of experiment
Rice season
Upland crop season
Herbicides
Annual N-P-K input Kg/ha
Sowing
TP
Harvest
Sowing
Harvest
Rice
Upland crop season
CK
Rice-fallow phase
Continues
Early May
Early June
Late October
—
—
Yes
No
RR
Rice-ryegrass
2001
November
Harvest 2-3 times
Yes
b2001–2005: 180-50-180
No
RP
Rice-potato, with rice straw as mulch
2001
December
March
No
No
RC
Rice-Chinese milk vetch
2001
November
—
No
2005–by now: 120-50-120
No
ROM
Rice-oilseed rape with burned straw return after harvest
2001
November
April
No
c20-20-20
aROF
Rice-oilseed rape with fresh straw return as green manure at flowering
2003
November
March
No
No
aOilseed rape was considered as manure crops but economic crops in ROF. This is a new cropping rotation under evaluating.
bFertilizer input was reduced due to the lodging problem of rice season in RP and RC treatment.
cFertilizer applied at bolting stage for oilseed rape.