Research Article

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Harmful Algal Flora in the Tropical Estuarine Complex of Goa, India

Table 1

List of potentially harmful and toxic species ranges of their cell counts 𝐿 1 during monsoon and nonmonsoon period in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries of Goa.

Name of the estuaryMandoviZuari

SeasonsMonsoon (June 2007–November 2007)Nonmonsoon (December 2007–May 2008)Monsoon (June 2008–November 2008)Monsoon (December 2008–May 2009)

Taxon 𝑛 = 1 8 6 𝑛 = 1 2 3 𝑛 = 1 6 3 𝑛 = 1 0 1

Diatom
+Biddulphia mobiliensis1–8 ( 4 ± 3 ) 0–6 ( 1 ± 2 ) 0–40 ( 1 3 ± 2 0 ) 0–92 ( 5 1 ± 3 3 )
+Biddulphia sinensis6–49 ( 2 2 ± 1 6 ) 1–246 ( 4 5 ± 9 9 ) 0–88 ( 3 9 ± 3 6 ) 0–62 ( 2 7 ± 2 4 )
Chaetoceros concavicornis0-1 ( 0 ± 1 ) 0–3 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–273 ( 4 6 ± 1 1 1 ) NP
+++Chaetoceros curvisetus26–161 ( 6 6 ± 5 5 ) 0–2793 ( 5 9 5 ± 1 1 2 0 ) 0–1256 ( 6 2 4 ± 5 3 8 ) 0–144 ( 4 1 ± 6 5 )
Chaetoceros peruvianus0–6 ( 1 ± 2 ) 0–2 ( 0 ± 1 ) NPNP
Chaetoceros sociale0–3 ( 1 ± 2 ) NPNPNP
+Coscinodiscus centralis116–918 ( 2 9 9 ± 3 2 1 ) 32–103 ( 6 4 ± 3 1 ) 102–383 ( 2 0 4 ± 1 0 7 ) 86–381 ( 1 9 0 ± 1 1 5 )
Coscinodiscus concinnus0–77 ( 1 3 ± 3 1 ) NPNPNP
Coscinodiscus wailesii6–1860 ( 3 5 2 ± 7 4 1 ) 9–36 ( 2 0 ± 1 0 ) 173–1016 ( 5 8 0 ± 3 5 7 ) 51–261 ( 1 1 6 ± 7 4 )
+,++Cylindrotheca closterium180–1059 ( 4 2 9 ± 3 3 1 ) 674–2273 ( 1 5 1 2 ± 6 9 3 ) 88–5326 ( 1 5 6 6 ± 2 0 4 7 ) 145–1657 ( 8 2 1 ± 6 2 4 )
+,++Ditylum brightwellii16–294 ( 9 3 ± 1 1 0 ) 0–63 ( 2 7 ± 2 7 ) 374–13014 ( 3 4 8 4 ± 4 8 3 1 ) 49–2134 ( 4 6 1 ± 8 2 3 )
+Eucampia zodiacus 0–7 ( 3 ± 2 ) 0–2 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–115 ( 2 6 ± 4 7 ) 0–48 ( 1 3 ± 2 1 )
+,++Leptocylindrus danicus15–790 ( 2 3 5 ± 2 8 6 ) 3–659 ( 1 3 3 ± 2 5 9 ) 28–7521 ( 1 7 1 6 ± 2 9 0 8 ) 30–2356 ( 8 0 2 ± 1 0 8 5 )
+Leptocylindrus minimus1–163 ( 5 3 ± 6 2 ) 0–92 ( 2 1 ± 3 6 ) 0–2511 ( 7 6 5 ± 1 0 1 0 ) 0–545 ( 2 8 7 ± 1 9 5 )
* Pseudo-nitzschia australisNPNPNP0–475 ( 1 2 6 ± 2 0 4 )
++,*Pseudo-nitzschia multiseriata0–9 ( 3 ± 3 ) 0–142 ( 3 2 ± 5 6 ) 0–2560 ( 4 7 7 ± 1 0 2 3 ) 0–2112 ( 3 7 3 ± 8 2 5 )
* Pseudo-nitzschia pungens0–6 ( 3 ± 2 ) 0–11 ( 3 ± 4 ) 0–38 ( 6 ± 1 6 ) NP
* Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissimaNPNPNP0–5760 ( 9 6 0 ± 2 3 5 2 )
+,*Pseudo-nitzschia seriata5–70 ( 3 2 ± 2 3 ) 0–315 ( 1 0 2 ± 1 4 2 ) 0–4080 ( 8 6 9 ± 1 6 1 6 ) 77–266 ( 1 3 8 ± 7 3 )
+Rhizosolenia alata0–2 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–3 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–42 ( 7 ± 1 7 ) NP
+Rhizosolenia delicatula 3–307 ( 8 8 ± 1 2 0 ) 0–176 ( 3 7 ± 6 9 ) 0–560 ( 1 6 2 ± 2 2 7 ) NP
Rhizosolenia fragilissima0–201 ( 3 5 ± 8 1 ) NPNPNP
+,++Rhizosolenia setigera3–1242 ( 2 3 3 ± 4 9 6 ) 6–261 ( 1 3 3 ± 2 5 9 ) 39–10383 ( 2 1 1 4 ± 4 0 7 2 ) 101–2604 ( 8 2 2 ± 1 1 0 9 )
+,++Rhizosolenia stolterforthii0–378 ( 9 5 ± 1 5 5 ) 0–4 ( 1 ± 2 ) 0–12166 ( 2 5 7 2 ± 4 7 5 9 ) 0–115 ( 3 8 ± 5 9 )
+,++Skeletonema costatum17–3421 ( 1 3 9 6 ± 1 3 7 4 ) 19–2347 ( 5 1 8 ± 9 0 4 ) 433–12348 ( 7 1 6 2 ± 4 4 1 1 ) 32–13246 ( 2 6 1 9 ± 5 2 2 8 )
Thalassiosira rotula0–10 ( 2 ± 4 ) NPNPNP
+Thalassiosira subtilisNPNP0–28 ( 5 ± 1 1 ) 0–5790 ( 1 0 5 5 ± 2 3 3 0 )

Dinoflagellate
* Alexandrium catenella0-1 ( 0 ± 0 ) NP0–224 ( 5 1 ± 8 7 ) 0–288 ( 5 8 ± 1 1 5 )
* Alexandrium tamarense0–2 ( 0 ± 1 ) NPNP0–5104 ( 8 5 1 ± 2 0 8 4 )
* Alexandrium ostenfeldii1–32 ( 1 1 ± 1 3 ) 0–12 ( 2 ± 5 ) NP0–54 ( 9 ± 2 2 )
++,+++Ceratium furca31–842 ( 2 1 5 ± 3 1 1 ) 14–122 ( 4 9 ± 4 0 ) 67–2635 ( 1 2 9 8 ± 1 1 1 1 ) 75–213 ( 1 2 2 ± 4 8 )
+Ceratium fususNPNPNP0–40 ( 1 6 ± 1 8 )
* Dinophysis acutaNPNPNP0–88 ( 2 3 ± 3 7 )
* Dinophysis acuminata0-1 ( 0 ± 0 ) NPNP0–130 ( 2 2 ± 5 3 )
+,*Dinophysis caudata0–48 ( 1 2 ± 1 9 ) 0–2 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–1108 ( 1 9 6 ± 4 4 8 ) NP
* Dinophysis fortii0–10 ( 2 ± 4 ) NPNPNP
* Dinophysis milesNPNPNP0–96 ( 2 3 ± 4 0 )
+,*Dinophysis mitra0-1 ( 0 ± 0 ) NPNP0–112 ( 4 5 ± 5 4 )
Gonyaulax polygrammaNP0–15 ( 5 ± 6 ) NPNP
+++,*Gymnodinium breve0–381 ( 7 6 ± 1 5 0 ) 0–2 ( 0 ± 1 ) 0–5291 ( 9 5 2 ± 2 1 3 1 ) NP
* Gymnodinium mikimotoiNP0–2 ( 0 ± 1 ) NPNP
++,*Gymnodinium splendens1–1122 ( 2 6 5 ± 4 5 3 ) 0–2 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–261 ( 1 1 0 ± 9 1 ) 0–82 ( 3 8 ± 3 3 )
Gyrodinium spirale0–186 ( 3 5 ± 7 4 ) 0–6 ( 3 ± 2 ) 0–309 ( 9 6 ± 1 2 5 ) 0–68 ( 2 2 ± 3 3 )
+Noctiluca scintillans0–2 ( 0 ± 1 ) NP0–128 ( 2 2 ± 1 6 ) NP
* Prorocentrum cordatum1–6 ( 3 ± 2 ) 0–10 ( 4 ± 5 ) 0–42 ( 1 4 ± 2 1 ) NP
* Prorocentrum dentatum0–2 ( 0 ± 1 ) NPNPNP
Prorocentrum gracile1–132 ( 4 3 ± 4 9 ) 9–23 ( 1 6 ± 6 ) 0–1646 ( 3 4 6 ± 6 4 4 ) 0–80 ( 4 4 ± 2 8 )
+Prorocentrum micans26–399 ( 1 6 5 ± 1 3 7 ) 23–82 ( 4 5 ± 2 1 ) 36–3091 ( 8 0 0 ± 1 1 7 9 ) 68–142 ( 9 7 ± 2 8 )
+,*Protoperidinium depressum2–38 ( 1 4 ± 1 4 ) 3–14 ( 9 ± 5 ) 0–119 ( 5 2 ± 4 6 ) 0–82 ( 1 4 ± 3 3 )
* Protoperidinium brevipes0–31 ( 9 ± 1 4 ) NP0–34 ( 6 ± 1 4 ) 0–156 ( 6 0 ± 6 4 )
* Protoperidinium steinii0–117 ( 3 5 ± 5 5 ) NP0–410 ( 1 2 0 ± 1 8 9 ) 68–549 ( 1 9 2 ± 1 8 3 )
Scrippsiella trochoidea2–1212 ( 3 1 6 ± 4 9 8 ) 0–29 ( 1 5 ± 1 0 ) 0–4260 ( 1 0 2 5 ± 1 7 1 7 ) 0–734 ( 1 7 1 ± 2 7 9 )

Other Algae
Dictyocha fibula1–45 ( 1 6 ± 1 7 ) 0–25 ( 9 ± 9 ) 0–101 ( 2 3 ± 4 1 ) 0–143 ( 4 4 ± 5 7 )
Distephanus speculum0–38 ( 9 ± 1 5 ) 0–3 ( 1 ± 1 ) 0–859 ( 2 2 8 ± 3 3 6 ) 6–49 ( 2 2 ± 1 6 )
* Microcystis aeruginosa0-1 ( 0 ± 1 ) NPNPNP
+++,*Trichodesmium erythraeum2–381 ( 6 9 ± 1 5 3 ) 1–14 ( 8 ± 5 ) 30–272 ( 9 6 ± 9 3 ) 0–155 ( 4 3 ± 6 0 )

𝑛 : no. of days.
NP: not present.
*Potentially toxic species.
+Reported during 1980-1981.
++Bloom now.
+++Bloom during 1980-1981.