Clinical Study

Frequency and Associated Factors for Anxiety and Depression in Pregnant Women: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Crude odds ratio (95% CI) by sociodemographic, obstetric, family relationships, and home environment characteristics.

FactorAnxiety or depression status
NormalOnly anxiousOnly depressedBoth anxious and depressed

Age group (in years)
 Below 30 (ref.)Reference111
 30 and above1.23 (0.43, 3.53)1.60 (0.55, 4.68)3.10 (1.29, 7.42)

Ethnicity
 Urdu (ref.)Reference111
 Other0.31 (0.08, 1.18)1.06 (0.36, 3.09)1.08 (0.44, 2.63)

Total persons in the household
 Up to 5 (ref.)Reference111
 More than 51.78 (0.73, 4.31)2.37 (0.92, 6.10)1.38 (0.63, 3.02)

Total pregnancies
 Below 3 (ref.)Reference111
 3 and above0.55 (0.21, 1.46)0.99 (0.38, 2.59)1.59 (0.73, 3.49)

Total Live births
 NoneReference1.43 (0.59, 3.44)0.27 (0.10, 0.79)0.72 (0.33, 1.55)
 At least one (ref.)111

Adverse pregnancy outcome
 No (ref.)Reference111
 Yes2.18 (0.81, 5.86)1.09 (0.35, 3.40)3.10 (1.29, 7.42)

Household decision maker
Self or husband (ref.)Reference111
 In laws4.07 (1.17, 14.15)1.94 (0.59, 6.36)2.26 (0.75, 6.83)
 Combined1.39 (0.48, 3.99)0.23 (0.06, 0.80)0.97 (0.41, 2.30)

Domestic violence
 YesReference1.06 (0.31, 3.66)2.05 (0.64, 6.60)2.52 (0.94, 6.77)
 No (ref.)111