An Assessment of Japanese Carbon Tax Reform Using the E3MG Econometric Model

Table 3

E3MG carbon tax inputs (JPY/toe).

	S1			S2a	S2b	S2c
	Oil	Gas	Coal	All fuel types
2012	325	305	371	17,721	20,529	19,812
2013	325	305	371	26,982	25,843	29,316
2014	651	610	743	29,508	29,215	32,487
2015	651	610	743	30,709	28,652	32,468
2016	989	915	1,131	32,500	27,460	33,318
2017	989	915	1,131	35,257	28,750	35,868
2018	989	915	1,131	39,749	33,140	41,531
2019	989	915	1,131	43,192	36,528	45,426
2020	989	915	1,131	44,240	35,615	45,811

Notes: Figures based on 1 USD = 76.8 JPY.
S1 values derived from FY2012 tax rates.
S2 values required to achieve 25% reduction in CO₂ emissions between 1990 and 2020.
Source(s): E3MG, Cambridge Econometrics.