| | Sample ingredients | Experimental conditions | Microstructural interpretations | References |
| | ALMP and acid-induced sodium caseinate gel | CLSM:
Leica TCS confocal laser scanning microscope,
Fluorescence mode with a 100× 1.3 N.A. oil-immersion
objective, with an argon/krypton laser, Application of rhodamine
B to identify protein, adding droplets of dye solution into caseinate+pectin
solution, adding GDL and stirring | Homogeneousness of the sample, pore sizes,
the prevention of the formation of strands and
clusters in presence of pectin, an increase in the
staining intensity of the protein strands attached to
the network without pectin, and so on | Matia-Merino et al. [8] |
| | Mixed HM/LM pectin gel | TEM:
Transmission electron microscope (LEO 906E Electron
Microscopy Ltd., Cambridge, England),
sample size: 1 × 1×1 mm cubes,
sample preparation 20 h after gel preparation,
Fixation for 20 h in aldehyde solution based on citrate buffer,
2% glutaraldehyde, and 0.1% ruthenium red,
dehydration, polymerization, thin sectioning | Microgels, inhomogeneous structure,
LMP-Ca clusters surrounded by a coherent gel
network of HMP, dense LMP-rich areas,
sparse HMP-rich areas, aggregations, and so on | Löfgren and Hermansson [21] |
| | Mixed ALMP and carrageenan gel | CLSM:
Leica TSP2 CLSM (Leica, Mannheim, Germany) with an
argon/krypton and a helium/neon laser, fitted with a HCX PL
APO 40 × numerical aperture 1.2 oil immersion objective,
sample size: 20 ×12 × 4 mm, staining the pectin with the
antibody, localization of pectin by making cytofluorogram or by
the multivariate image feature extraction method | Heterogeneous structure, distinguishing three types
of mixed gels resulted from multi-gelling agent
formulation: interpenetrating, coupled and phase-
separated networks, and so on | Arltoft et al. [2] |
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