The Relationship between Health-Promoting Behaviors and Resilience in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Difference in resilience between population characteristics and disease characteristics among study groups (𝑁=150).

Variables	High-risk group 𝑁=40				Early CKD group 𝑁=50				Pre-ESRD group 𝑁=60				𝜒^2
	𝑛	(%)	Mean ± SD	𝑡 values	𝑛	(%)	Mean ± SD	𝑡 values	𝑛	(%)	Mean ± SD	𝑡 values
Gender				.461				1.847				2.756**	𝜒^2=5.193
Male	16	40.0	143.56 ± 13.18		32	64	150.56 ± 17.50		33	55	137.67 ± 19.07
Female	24	60.0	141.88 ± 9.98		18	36	138.39 ± 29.23		27	45	122.37 ± 23.12
Education level				−2.276*				−1.852				−1.258	𝜒^2=7.714^∗
≤junior school	16	40.0	137.81 ± 10.90		24	48	140.08 ± 19.18		40	66.7	128.25 ± 19.86
≥high school	24	60.0	145.71 ± 10.51		26	52	151.81 ± 24.95		20	33.3	135.85 ± 26.01
Marital status				−1.225				.682				−1.047	𝜒^2=.506
Single	7	17.5	137.86 ± 9.94		11	22	150.36 ± 17.41		14	23.3	125.36 ± 28.16
Married	33	82.5	143.55 ± 11.38		39	78	145 ± 24.31		46	76.7	132.43 ± 20.09
Occupation				.09				2.422*				4.479***	𝜒^2=6.818^∗
Yes	8	20.0	142.88 ± 9.49		20	40	154.30 ± 12.15		12	20	147.33 ± 11.46
No	32	80.0	142.47 ± 11.76		30	60	140.77 ± 16.74		48	80	126.65 ± 22.34
Diabetes				−1.469				.149				−2.931**	𝜒^2=16.617 ***
Yes	10	25.0	137.78 ± 9.92		9	18	147.22 ± 18.19		31	51.7	123.19 ± 22.91
No	30	75.0	143.94 ± 11.38		41	82	145.95 ± 24.02		29	48.3	138.90 ± 18.48
Hypertension				.816				−.130				1.689	𝜒^2=5.821
Yes	3	7.5	146.4 ± 12.18		17	34	145.59 ± 21.45		18	30	138.06 ± 20.47
No	37	92.5	142 ± 11.17		33	66	146.48 ± 23.96		42	70	127.67 ± 22.37

High-risk group: the families of CKD patients.
Early CKD group: GFR > 45 mL/min/1.73 m².
Pre-ESRD group: GFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m².
* 𝑃<.05, **𝑃<.01, and ***𝑃<.001.
Statistical methods: descriptive statistics, 𝑡 tests (within group), and 𝜒² tests (between groups).