Research Article
Association of Blood Pressure and Hypertension with Alcohol Consumption in HIV-Infected White and Nonwhite Patients
Table 2
Risk factors for hypertension among HIV-infected individuals by skin color (
(%)).
| | | Whites () | Nonwhites () | | | Hypertension (%) | RR (95% CI) | Hypertension (%) | RR (95% CI) |
| | Sex | | | | | | Female | 48 (15.0) | 1.0 | 65 (22.2) | 1.0 | | Male | 72 (18.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 56 (23.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | | value | | 0.2 | | 0.7 | | Age (years) | | | | | | 18–34 | 20 (7.4) | 1.0 | 23 (11.4) | 1.0 | | 35–49 | 56 (16.9) | 2.3 (1.4–3.7) | 63 (24.3) | 2.1 (1.4–3.3) | | 50–78 | 44 (40.4) | 5.4 (3.4–8.8) | 35 (50.7) | 4.5 (2.8–7.0) | | value | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | Educational attainment (years) | | | | | | ≥9 | 58 (17.8) | 1.0 | 23 (17.8) | 1.0 | | 5–8 | 38 (16.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 51 (22.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | | 0–4 | 24 (16.0) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 47 (27.5) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | | value | | 0.8 | | 0.14 | | Smoking | | | | | | No | 85 (20.6) | 1.0 | 76 (25.1) | 1.0 | | Yes | 35 (11.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 45 (19.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | | value | | 0.002 | | 0.16 | | Physical activity | | | | | | High | 39 (14.0) | 1.0 | 48 (19.8) | 1.0 | | Moderate | 44 (19.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 38 (22.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | | Low | 37 (18.6) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 35 (28.7) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | | value | | 0.3 | | 0.16 | | Alcohol consumption | | | | | | Abstemious | 41 (17.6) | 1.0 | 41 (22.7) | 1.0 | | Social drinking | 70 (15.9) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 68 (21.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | | Abusive drinking | 9 (24.3) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 12 (37.5) | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | | value | | 0.4 | | 0.08 | | Frequency of alcohol consumption | | | | | | Abstemious | 41 (18.0) | 1.0 | 41 (22.7) | 1.0 | | Monthly | 41 (17.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 42 (26.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | | Weekly | 38 (15.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 79 (21.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | | value | | 0.7 | | 0.3 | | Binge drinking | | | | | | Abstemious | 41 (17.6) | 1.0 | 41 (22.7) | 1.0 | | No | 60 (16.7) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 60 (23.4) | 1.0 | | Yes | 19 (16.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 20 (21.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | | value | | 0.9 | | 0.8 | | Body mass index (kg/m²) | | | | | | <25.0 | 36 (8.7) | 1.0 | 45 (15.3) | 1.0 | | 25–29.9 | 58 (26.6) | 3.1 (2.1–4.5) | 40 (24.7) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | | ≥30.0 | 26 (32.9) | 3.8 (2.4–5.9) | 36 (49.3) | 3.2 (2.3–4.6) | | value | | <0.001 | | <0.001 | | HIV/HCV coinfection | | | | | | No | 96 (18.0) | 1.0 | 85 (22.1) | 1.0 | | Yes | 22 (15.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 29 (24.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | | value | | 0.5 | | 0.6 | | AIDS diagnosis | | | | | | No | 29 (14.6) | 1.0 | 36 (24.7) | 1.0 | | Yes | 90 (17.6) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 84 (22.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | | value | | 0.3 | | 0.5 | | Time since HIV infection (years) | | | | | | <3.0 | 47 (16.6) | 1.0 | 44 (21.8) | 1.0 | | 3.0–5.9 | 23 (13.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 34 (19.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | | ≥6.0 | 50 (20.0) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 43 (27.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | | value | | 0.18 | | 0.17 | | Lifetime HAART use | | | | | | No | 34 (14.0) | 1.0 | 46 (25.3) | 1.0 | | Yes | 86 (18.4) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 75 (21.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | | value | | 0.14 | | 0.3 | | Lifetime protease inhibitor use | | | | | | No | 77 (22.7) | 1.0 | 68 (15.7) | 1.0 | | Yes | 44 (23.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 52 (18.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | | value | | 0.9 | | 0.3 | | CD4 (cell/mm3) | | | | | | <350 | 39 (15.1) | 1.0 | 50 (22.9) | 1.0 | | ≥350 | 80 (18.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 69 (22.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | | value | | 0.3 | | 0.9 |
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HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; RR: risk ratio.
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