Abstract
Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that protects the adjacent cortex during cerebral infarction. We created a hemiparetic model of cerebral thrombosis from a photochemically induced infarction with the photosensitive dye, rose bengal, in rats. We examined the effects of edaravone on recovery in the model. A total of 36 adult Wistar rats were used. The right sensorimotor area was irradiated with green light with a wavelength of 533 nm (10 mm diameter), and the rose bengal was injected intravenously to create an infarction. The edaravone group was injected intraperitoneally with edaravone (3 mg/kg), and the control group was injected with saline. The recovery process of the hemiplegia was evaluated with the 7-step scale of Fenny. The infarcted areas were measured after fixation. The recovery of the paralysis in the edaravone-treated group was significantly earlier than that in the untreated group. Seven days later, both groups were mostly recovered and had scores of 7, and the infarction region was significantly smaller in the edaravone-treated group. Edaravone reduced the infarction area and promoted the functional recovery of hemiparesis from cerebral thrombosis in a rat model. These findings suggest that edaravone treatment would be effective in clinical patients recovering from cerebral infarction.
1. Introduction
The number of stroke patients has been increasing with the aging of the population. Among the causes of stroke, cerebral infarction is one of the most challenging diseases. Katrak et al. have reported that the prognoses of patients with cerebral infarctions were poor with less efficacy of rehabilitation compared to those with cerebral hemorrhages [1].
The free radical scavenger edaravone was approved in Japan in June 2001 for the treatment of cerebral infarctions [2]. Edaravone is currently widely used in clinics in Japan [3]. In recent years, combination therapy with tissue plasminogen activator and edaravone has begun, and functional improvements have been reported [4] with functional recovery effects in patients with lacunar infarctions [3, 5–7].
Although most animal experiments with infarction models have examined embolic models and their recanalization [8–14], few reports have examined models of thrombosis. In addition, there have been few studies of the time course of functional recovery. Thus, we investigated photochemically induced cerebral thrombosis in rats and observed the functional recovery and the infarcted area after the administration of the free radical scavenger.
2. Materials and Methods
All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines for animal experimentation of both Kagoshima University and the National Institutes of Health.
2.1. Animals
A total of 36 adult Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were used in the behavior assessments and in the infarction area study after 7 days of infarction. In addition, 6 adult Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were used in immunological assessments and the infarction area study after 24 hours of infarction.
2.2. Creating the Infarction
Cerebral ischemia was produced with intravascular thrombosis. This thrombosis was induced by an intravenous injection of rose bengal (20 mg/kg) and irradiation by green light (533 nm; MHF-G150LR, SCHOTT MORITEX Corporation, Saitama, Japan). The surgeries were performed while the animals were under general anesthesia with isoflurane (Foren; Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). In order to target the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex, green light with a 10 mm diameter was irradiated into the exposed skull 6 mm lateral to the midline and 4 mm posterior to bregma. Rose bengal was injected through the tail vein [15].
2.3. Edaravone Injection
After creating the infarction, the edaravone group was intraperitoneally injected with edaravone (3 mg/kg). The control group was injected with saline.
2.4. Behavior Assessments
The recovery process of the hemiplegia was evaluated with the 7-step scale of Fenny [16]. The postoperative locomotion of the rats was evaluated with a beam-walking task on an elevated narrow beam (length: 1,220 mm; width: 25 mm). The performance was rated daily on a 7-point scale. The lowest score, 1, was given if the animal was unable to traverse the beam and could not place the affected hind limb onto the horizontal surface. A score of 2 was given if the animal was unable to traverse the beam but placed the affected hind limb on the horizontal surface of the beam and maintained balance. An animal received a score of 3 if it traversed the beam while dragging the affected hind limb. If an animal traversed the beam and placed the affected hind paw on the horizontal surface of the beam at least once, it was given a score of 4. A score of 5 was given if the animal used the affected limb in less than half of the steps along the beam. When an animal traversed the beam and used the affected limb to aid more than 50% of its steps along the beam, it received a score of 6. The highest score, 7, was given if the animal traversed the beam normally with fewer than 2 independent foot slips. Rats that were given a score of 1 the day after the operation were used in the subsequent analysis. We evaluated these rats daily from before the operation until 7 days after the operation.
2.5. Infarcted Brain Assessments
After perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, the brains were removed, and the infarction area was measured the day after the infarction and 7 days after the infarction. The area of the infarction on the cerebral surface was imaged with the image analysis software (ImageJ, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The statistical analyses were conducted with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (). Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was performed on the fixed sections of the infarcted cortex on day 7 in order to confirm the infarction.
3. Results
There were infarcted lesions on the irradiated sensorimotor cortex the day after the infarction and 7 days after the infarction. The infarction area after 7 days was smaller in the edaravone-treated group (Figure 1). The infarcted area 1 day after the infarction was (mean ± standard error of the mean (SE)) mm2 in the edaravone-treated group and mm2 in the control group. There was no significant difference between these groups. Seven days after the infarction, the area of infarction was mm2 in the edaravone group and mm2 in the control group. There was a significant difference between these groups (, Figure 2). The recovery of paralysis in the edaravone-treated group was significantly earlier than in the untreated group. After 7 days, both groups were mostly recovered with scores of 7 (Figure 3). The scores for the beam walking test were on day 1 after infarction, on day 2, on day 3, and on day 4. However, the mean scores were on day 1, on day 2, on day 3, on day 4, on day 5, on day 6, and on day 7.
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4. Discussion
Free radicals gradually increase in the areas surrounding the ischemic area, including the penumbra, and they rapidly increase after reperfusion. OPC-14117 [17], NXY-097 [18], and other free radical scavengers have been previously examined. However, clinical applications of these have not been done, except with edaravone.
Abe et al. have conducted basic research on edaravone, and it was approved as a brain protection drug in 2001 in Japan [2, 19]. Edaravone has a protective effect on oxidative injuries in the brain by eliminating free radicals. It has been widely used in Japan in acute patients with cerebral thromboses and cerebral embolisms [3]. There have been reports that edaravone has protective effects on lacunar infarctions in clinical patients [5–7]. A recent study has reported that the administration of edaravone with cilostazol had more protective effects [20]. In order to increase blood flow and diminish free radicals, the coadministration of tissue plasminogen activator and edaravone or edaravone injections after the administration of tissue plasminogen activator have been shown to be effective in a clinical study [4, 21].
Most animal studies utilize rat embolic models or reperfusion models [8–12]. Besides rat models, rabbit models have also been reported. However, the rabbit models were embolic models [13, 14]. There have been few reports on the time course of the function of the extremities. Nishi et al. have evaluated rat activity with 5-grade scores, but a time-course study was not done [8]. Kawai et al. have evaluated hemiplegic rats with a 4-step qualitative analysis of abnormal postures when hanging by the tail. However, the time course was not evaluated [22]. Jin et al. have evaluated the survival rate, neuronal survival, and blood flow after the simultaneous administration of argatroban and edaravone in Meriones unguiculatus. This report was also silent about physical activities [23].
Recently, Lu et al. have reported the effects of edaravone on cognitive function that was evaluated by a maze test in a transient global ischemia model. There was early improvement in the edaravone-administered group, and the results were compatible with our results [24]. Zhang et al. have reported the effects of edaravone according to infarction size and improvements in physical activity [12]. These findings were also compatible with our results.
We studied the effects of edaravone in a rat model of photochemically induced infarction. There have been no reports concerning the effects of edaravone in a model of photochemically induced infarction. The distinctive feature of this model was that we were able to obtain similar infarction sizes and locations. It was presumed that the ischemic changes were similar to those of cerebral thrombosis and that we were able to compare it with other cerebral embolism models, because a thrombus was formed in the irradiated area of the cortex.
In our results, the infarcted areas were not significantly different between the edaravone-treated group and the control group the day after the infarction. However, the infarcted area in the edaravone group was about half of the size of that in the control group. The infarcted area was smaller in the edaravone-treated group than in the control group in the embolization model of middle cerebral artery occlusion [12]. These findings suggested that edaravone has inhibiting effects on infarction formation and reducing effects on the formation of infarction.
In rat infarction models, the functional deficits are recovered within about 2 weeks after the infarction. Therefore, a time-course study is important in order to evaluate the effects of medication or rehabilitation. In this study, we detected an enhanced effect of edaravone on functional recovery in infarcted rats.
Recently, edaravone has been investigated in global brain ischemia and transient ischemic attacks [24]. The combination therapy of edaravone with low temperatures has been reported [25]. There has been a report that edaravone was effective in neonatal cerebral ischemia [26] and epilepsy [27]. Edaravone has been studied in traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative disease, and brain tumor [28–30]. Thus, edaravone is thought to have various effects on central nervous system disturbances.
5. Conclusions
The free radical scavenger edaravone reduced the infarction area and promoted the functional recovery of hemiparesis from cerebral thrombosis in a rat model. These findings suggested that treatment with edaravone is effective for the recovery from cerebral infarctions in clinical patients.
Conflict of Interests
This study was performed with the assistance of the Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation). The authors declare no other competing financial interests.
Authors’ Contribution
Satoshi Ikeda and Katsuhiro Harada contributed equally to this study.