An Update on Diabetic Women Obstetrical Outcomes Linked to Preconception and Pregnancy Glycemic Profile: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 1

Detailed data about maternal characteristics according to the pregnancy outcomes.

Author (year)	DM type	Age (years)	BMI (kg/m²)	Duration of diabetes (years)	Preconceptional care (%)	Planned pregnancy (%)	Nulliparous (%)	Duration of gestation (week)	Retinopathy (%)	Nephropathy (%)	Miscarriages (%)	Stillbirths (%)	Perinatal deaths   (%)	Malformation (%)	Macrosomia (%)	SGA (%)
Suhonen et al. (2000) [7]	I = 488			14.5 ± 7.9*			50	37.3						10.3
Boulot et al. (2003) [8]	I = 289				48.5				34.3	11.8			0.3	4.5
	II = 146				24				2.7	4.8			2.1	3.4
Endres et al. (2004) [9]	I + II = 74	31 ± 6*		12 ± 9*		53	39	37 ± 2*	16	11					28
Evers et al. (2004) [10]	I = 323	30 ± 4*	25 ± 4*	13 ± 8*		84	52						2.8	8.8	52.5
Jensen et al. (2004) [11]	I = 1215	28.8	22.9	12 (5–19)^‡	58				7.3	6.4		2.1	3.1	5	8
Clausen et al. (2005) [12]	I = 240	30 (27–33)^‡	23 (21–26)^‡	14 (6–19)^‡			54	37.3 (36–38)^‡	31	11			1.7	2.9	51	4
	II = 61	33.4 (31–38)^‡	29.4 (27–35)^‡	2 (1–5)^‡			31	38 (37–39)^‡	5	13			6.7	6.6	56	2
Huddle (2005) [13]	I = 172	30.5 ± 6.2*		6 ± 4.2*				36.6 ± 2*	17.4	7.6		3.9	3.9	0.6
	II = 213	34.3 ± 5*		3.7 ± 3.1*				37 ± 1.9*	9.9	1.9		1.8	2.8	0.9
Roland et al. (2005) [14]	I = 389	29.8 ± 5.5*	26.4 ± 4.4*		40.5						10		2.8	4.4	46.5	3.6
	II = 146	33.9 ± 5.2*	34.2 ± 7.3*		28.7						10		6.2	12.3	46.9	9.6
Galindo et al. (2006) [15]	I + II = 127	31.4 ± 5.4*	25.1 ± 5.9*		11.9		52.3				7.9			0.13
De Valk et al. (2006) [16]	I = 48	34.0 ± 5*	31.7 ± 7.4*	3 (16)^‡							13.6			5.1	21.7
Hillman Gadea   et al. (2006) [17]	I = 532	29.4 ± 4.7*	23.3 ± 3.1*	11.8 ± 7.1*	22.6			36.7 ± 1.7*					1.7	4.7	35.6	1
	II = 93	31.8 ± 5.5*	28.9 ± 6.5*	5.7 ± 6*	16.1			37.1 ± 1.6*					1.1	6.5	23.9	3.3
Gonzalez-Gonzalez et al. (2008) [18]	I = 257	29 (25–32)^‡	24 (22–27)^‡	10 (5–16)^‡	22.5			37.4 ± 2.3*	12.3	5.1			1.97	6.22	20.6	2.9
	II = 147	34 (30–38)^‡	33 (28–37)^‡	6 (2–8)^‡	9.5			38 ± 2.2*	0.7	1.4			2.75	6.8	13.8	2.2
Lapolla et al. (2008) [19]	I = 504	29.9 ± 4.8*	23.3 ± 3.4*	13.4 ± 8.3*	43.9				21.2	1.2	6.3	1.06	0.21	5.9	13.2	4.9
	II = 164	33.2 ± 4.8*	28.1 ± 3.4*	5.7 ± 5.9*	29.1				1.1	0.6	10.7	1.9	1.9	2	11.8	11.4
Murphy et al. (2011) [20]	I = 408	30 (21–38)^‡	25 (21.4–31.8)^‡	13 (4–27)^‡	31.4	55.5	50.6	37.4 (34–38.6)^‡	29.2	2.2	13.3				52.9	4.9
	II = 274	34 (26–40)^‡	32.4 (24.1–42.4)^‡	3 (1–9)^‡	19.6	48.8	30.7	38.1 (35.6–39.3)^‡	5.1	2.6	17				37.6	11.4

DM: diabetes mellitus.
BMI: body mass index.
SGA: small for gestational age.
*Results shown as mean ± standard deviation.
^‡Results shown as median ± interquartile range.