Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Anticholinesterase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Three Malaysian Macaranga Species

Table 2

Antityrosinase, nitric oxide, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity of extracts and different polarity fractions of Macaranga species.

Macaranga species	Part	Fraction	Tyrosinase inhibition; (%)^a,b	Nitric oxide inhibition (%)^a,c	AChE; inhibition; (%)^a,b	BChE; inhibition; (%)^a
M. denticulata	Bark	Methanol extract	68.70±1.48	81.79±8.10	73.82±2.37	24.84±1.61
		Hexane	22.31±1.12		51.17±1.08
		Dichloromethane	5.08±1.47		47.50±1.21
		Ethy acetate	57.32±1.20		15.78±1.18
		Butanol	50.99±1.05		16.23±1.83
		Aqueous	48.72±1.11		14.29±1.38
	Leaves	Methanol extract	27.38±0.53	23.12±1.88	54.50±1.18	39.95±1.78
		Hexane			38.95±1.16
		Dichloromethane			33.17±1.98
		Ethy acetate			5.68±1.33
		Butanol			13.99±1.76
		Aqueous			9.03±1.02
M. pruinosa	Bark	Methanol extract	5.87±1.31	14.31±2.66	23.03±2.41	32.66±1.8
		Hexane
		Dichloromethane
		Ethy acetate
		Butanol
		Aqueous
	Leaves	Methanol extract	52.08±0.95	15.01±1.05	34.61±2.53	36.58±2.64
		Hexane	14.41±1.38
		Dichloromethane	23.45±0.92
		Ethy acetate	49.87±1.03
		Butanol	51.22±1.54
		Aqueous	33.45±1.91
M. gigantea	Bark	Methanol extract	25.43±1.35	56.51±2.73	33.32±1.42	6.78±1.35
		Hexane
		Dichloromethane
		Ethy acetate
		Butanol
		Aqueous
	Leaves	Methanol extract	51.59±1.20	45.15±1.83	33.52±1.09	30.53±1.74
		Hexane	16.78±1.31
		Dichloromethane	30.78±1.8
		Ethy acetate	35.87±0.91
		Butanol	49.97±1.07
		Aqueous	40.32±1.68
Kojic Acid^d			98.51±1.23
L-Name^d				88.48±1.47
Tacrine^d					98.01±1.56	99.07±1.54

aData expressed as mean±standard error mean (SEM) of three or more samples extracted separately.
bCrude extracts that showed more than 50% inhibition were further screened for their fractions.
cNO inhibition assay was only done on the crude methanol extracts (0.5 mg/mL).
dStandards as positive controls.