Eating Problems and Overlap with ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Nationwide Twin Study of 9- and 12-Year-Old Children

Table 2

Measuring associations between EAT-P and subdomains of ADHD and ASD, for boys and girls separately by GEE models.

Factors/covariates	Crude measures				Univariate model		Multivariate model^a
	𝑛	Min–max	𝑀	SD	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Boys					EAT-P (Prevalence 0.5%)
Age 9	3029	—	—	—	0.40*	0.18–0.89	0.37*	0.16–0.84
Age 12 (reference group)	3302	—	—	—	1	—	1	—
Concentration/attention problems	6325	0–9	1.26	1.90	1.36***	1.21–1.53	0.98	0.76–1.26
Impulsiveness/activity problems	6326	0–10	1.09	1.78	1.46***	1.34–1.60	1.41***	1.18–1.69
Language problems	6326	0–6	0.31	0.67	1.97***	1.67–2.33	1.33	0.85–2.08
Social interaction problems	6318	0–6	0.30	0.69	1.76***	1.48–2.09	0.70	0.44–1.12
Flexibility problems	6329	0–5	0.31	0.68	2.07***	1.68–2.55	1.42	0.86–2.37
Girls					EAT-P (prevalence 0.7%)
Age 9	2858	—	—	—	0.65	0.34–1.28		—
Age 12 (reference group)	3138	—	—	—	1	—		—
Concentration/attention problems	5992	0–9	0.74	1.43	1.33***	1.16–1.52	0.94	0.74–1.18
Impulsiveness/activity problems	5988	0–10	0.70	1.37	1.41***	1.26–1.58	1.18	0.94–1.47
Language problems	5993	0–6	0.19	0.47	2.32***	1.82–2.97	1.27	0.77–2.11
Social interaction problems	5976	0–6	0.20	0.50	2.45***	2.02–2.98	1.95**	1.22–3.10
Flexibility problems	5995	0–5	0.17	0.46	2.10***	1.57–2.81	0.89	0.52–1.51

𝑁= 12,366, boys 𝑛=6331, Girls 𝑛=5996; EAT-P: eating problems; ^awith significant variables of the univariate models; *𝑃<0.05; **𝑃=0.005; ***𝑃<0.001.