Research Article
Autism in Toddlers: Can Observation in Preschool Yield the Same Information as Autism Assessment in a Specialised Clinic?
Table 3
Agreement between ADOS and preschool observation findings (module 1,
; module 2,
). Number of higher score in each type of observation is described.
| | Domains | | Agreement | ADOS higher | Preschool higher | value | Weighted Kappa |
| | Communication | | | | | | | | Frequency of vocalization directed to others | 24 | 17 (71%) | 4 (17%) | 3 (13%) | 1.0000 | 0.33 | | Amount of social overtures | 16 | 10 (63%) | 5 (31%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0.2188 | 0.35 | | Stereotyped/idiosyncratic use of words or phrases | 40 | 28 (70%) | 4 (10%) | 8 (20%) | 0.3877 | 0.43 | | Use of others body to communicate | 24 | 13 (54%) | 7 (29%) | 4 (17%) | 0.5488 | 0.26 | | Conversation | 16 | 9 (56%) | 2 (13%) | 5 (31%) | 0.4531 | 0.38 | | Pointing | 40 | 24 (60%) | 10 (25%) | 6 (15%) | 0.4545 | 0.52 | | Gestures | 40 | 23 (58%) | 9 (23%) | 8 (20%) | 1.0000 | 0.44 | | Reciprocal social interaction | | | | | | | | Unusual eye contact | 40 | 32 (80%) | 4 (10%) | 4 (10%) | 1.0000 | 0.56 | | Facial expressions directed to others | 40 | 25 (63%) | 6 (15%) | 9 (23%) | 0.6072 | 0.53 | | Shared enjoyment in interaction | 24 | 12 (50%) | 3 (13%) | 9 (38%) | 0.1460 | 0.21 | | Showing | 24 | 15 (63%) | 6 (25%) | 3 (13%) | 0.5078 | 0.41 | | Spontaneous initiation of joint attention | 40 | 26 (65%) | 12 (30%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.0129 | 0.57 | | Response to joint attention | 24 | 13 (54%) | 4 (17%) | 7 (29%) | 0.5488 | 0.42 | | Quality of social overtures | 40 | 25 (63%) | 4 (10%) | 11 (28%) | 0.1185 | 0.47 | | Quality of social response | 16 | 7 (44%) | 2 (13%) | 7 (44%) | 0.1797 | −0.07 | | Amount of reciprocal social communication | 16 | 10 (63%) | 3 (19%) | 3 (19%) | 1.0000 | 0.33 | | Overall quality of rapport | 16 | 8 (50%) | 3 (19%) | 5 (31%) | 0.7266 | 0.35 | | Play and imagination | | | | | | | | Functional play with objects | 24 | 15 (63%) | 4 (17%) | 5 (21%) | 1.0000 | 0.43 | | Imagination/creativity | 40 | 26 (65%) | 8 (20%) | 6 (15%) | 0.7905 | 0.57 | | Stereotyped behaviours and restricted interests | | | | | | | | Unusual sensory interest in play material/person | 40 | 30 (75%) | 6 (15%) | 4 (10%) | 0.7539 | 0.14 | | Hand and finger and other complex mannerism | 40 | 26 (65%) | 6 (15%) | 8 (20%) | 0.7905 | 0.51 | | Unusual repetitive interests or stereotyped behaviours | 40 | 22 (55%) | 8 (20%) | 10 (25%) | 0.8145 | 0.42 |
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The comparison data is presented as (%).
The values are calculated using a Sign test.
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