A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Table 9

Characterization of malicious modifications on digit frequency.

	Insertion attack		Deletion attack		Update attack
Attack rate	10%	90%	10%	90%	10%	90%
𝑑𝑖	Δℱ𝑑𝑖%	Δℱ𝑑𝑖%	Δℱ𝑑𝑖%	Δℱ𝑑𝑖%	Δℱ𝑑𝑖%	Δℱ𝑑𝑖%
0	+9.51	+90.77%	−9.63%	−89.65%	+0.41	+0.45
1	+10.51	+94.47%	−10.11%	−89.05%	+0.80	+15.91
2	+10.49	+90.14%	−10.67%	−90.20%	−0.57	−3.72
3	+9.63	+94.72%	−9.87%	−90.30%	−2.12	+3.39
4	+9.47	+83.78%	−10.07%	−90.82%	−0.28	−7.34
5	+9.01	+82.00%	−9.43%	−91.26%	+0.40	−11.43
6	+9.08	+81.84%	−9.48%	−91.01%	+0.13	−7.78
7	+10.17	+88.20%	−9.95%	−89.83%	+0.05	+1.46
8	+10.23	+88.86%	−10.06%	−89.89%	−0.22	+2.16
9	+10.25	+88.36%	−10.37%	−90.66%	−0.96	−2.62

The detailed experiments for this set of attacks are presented in the Appendix (Tables 18(a)–18(f)).