Integration of Agronomic Practices with Herbicides for Sustainable Weed Management in Aerobic Rice

Table 6

Cost effectiveness of different herbicide treatments (averaged over seasons).

Ttreatment	Herbicide cost; (RM/ha)	Laborer cost for spraying/; weeding (RM/ha)	Total cost; (RM/ha)	Gross income; (RM/ha)	Net benefit; (RM/ha)
T1	117+60	50+50	277	4050	3773
T2	117	50+1250	1417	4130	2713
T3	117+252	50+50	469	4230	3761
T4	117+252+60	50+50+50	579	4490	3911
T5	117+252	50+50+1250	1719	4550	2831
T6	252	50	302	3670	3368
T7	252+60	50+50	412	4400	3988
T8	252	50+1250	1552	4430	2878
T9	110+114	50	274	3770	3496
T10	110+114+60	50+50	384	4470	4086
T11	110+114	50+1250	1524	4530	3006
T12	120	50	170	3600	3430
T13	120+60	50+50	280	4360	4080
T14	120	50+1250	1420	4450	3030
T15	0.0	2500	2500	4680	2180
T16	0.0	0.0	0.0	1770	1770

T1: pretilachlor/safener fb bentazon/MCPA; T2: pretilachlor/safener fb manual weeding; T3: pretilachlor/safener fb propanil/thiobencarb; T4: pretilachlor/safener fb propanil/thiobencarb fb bentazon/MCPA; T5: pretilachlor/safener fb propanil/thiobencarb fb manual weeding; T6: propanil/thiobencarb; T7: propanil/thiobencarb fb bentazon/MCPA; T8: propanil/thiobencarb fb manual weeding; T9: cyhalofop-butyl + bensulfuron; T10: cyhalofop-butyl + bensulfuron fb bentazon/MCPA; T11: cyhalofop-butyl + bensulfuron fb manual weeding; T12: bispyribac-sodium; T13: bispyribac-sodium fb bentazon/MCPA; T14: bispyribac-sodium fb manual weeding; T15: season long weed-free by Manual weeding; T16: season long weedy.
RM: Ringgit Malaysia. Market price of herbicide commercial products: pretilachlor/safener (Soffit N300 EC) = 70 RM/L, cyhalofop-butyl (Halop 100 EC) = 110 RM/L, bensulfuron (Tekong) = 19 RM 100/g, bispyribac-sodium (Nominee 100 SC) = 98 RM 250/mL, propanil/thiobencarb (Satuni) = 42 RM/L, and bentazon/MCPA (basagran M60) = 38 RM/L.
Manual weeding cost: 100 laborers/ha for 2 weedings at 25 RM/laborer/day, herbicide application cost: 2/laborer/ha/round at 25 RM/laborer/day, market price of paddy: 1000.00 RM t/ha, gross income = paddy yield (t/ha) × market price (RM t/ha), and net benefit = gross income − total weeding cost.
1 US$ = 3 RM (approx.).