Population Studies and Carrageenan Properties in Eight Gigartinales (Rhodophyta) from Western Coast of Portugal

Table 1

Biomass, yield, and carrageenan composition.

Family	Species	Biomass (gm^−2) (dry weight)	Lifecycle phase	Harvest season	Carrageenan
					Yield^(1)	Letter code^(2)	Alkali-extracted^(3) (%mol)	Native^(4)
Cystocloniaceae	Calliblepharis jubata	10.3±1.3 (𝑛=15)	NF	Spring	20.0±1.7 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA2S	100 ι	ι (ν)
	C. jubata	11.0±0.5 (𝑛=15)	T	Spring	28.4±1.3 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA2S, G4S-DA	98 ι, 2 κ	𝜄−𝜅 (ν)
	C. jubata	11.3±0.3 (𝑛=15)	FG	Spring	40.4±3.2 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA2S	100 ι	ι (ν)
Gigartinaceae	Chondracanthus acicularis	24.2±1.8 (𝑛=15)	NF	Summer	61.1±2.9 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	—	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	C. acicularis	37.5±2.6; (𝑛=3)	T	Summer	36.6±3.7 (𝑛=3)	G2S-D2S, G2S-DA2S	59 ξ, 41 θ	𝜉−𝜃
	C. acicularis	24.3±1.6 (𝑛=15)	FG	Late summer	49.8±2.4 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	61 κ, 34 ι, 5 pyruvate	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	Chondracanthus teedei var. lusitanicus	12.2±2.2 (𝑛=15)	NF	Late summer	41.0±4.4 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	56 κ, 44 ι	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	C. teedei var. lusitanicus	15.3±1.7 (𝑛=15)	T	Summer	58.0±8.0 (𝑛=3)	G2S-D2S, G2S-DA2S	67 ξ, 33 θ	𝜉−𝜃
	C. teedei var. lusitanicus	14.1±1.7 (𝑛=15)	FG	Late summer	57.4±6.0 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	58 κ, 42 ι	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	Chondrus crispus	22.0±0.7 (𝑛=15)	NF	Late summer	36.0±1.8 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	64 κ, 36 ι	𝜅−𝜄 (μ)
	C. crispus	23.3±0.6 (𝑛=15)	FG	Summer	36.8±2.2 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	70 κ, 30 ι	𝜅−𝜄 (μ)
	C. crispus	24.2±0.5 (𝑛=15)	T	Summer	58.0±2.8 (𝑛=3)	G2S-D2S, 6S	100 λ	𝜆
	Gigartina pistillata	22.9±0.7 (𝑛=15)	T	Late summer	57.0±2.8 (𝑛=3)	G2S-D2S, G2S-D2S, 6S	—	𝜉−𝜆
	G. pistillata	21.2±0.8 (𝑛=15)	H (⊕)	Summer	58.5±2.4 (𝑛=3)	G2S-D2S, G2S-D2S, 6S	—	𝜉−𝜆
	G. pistillata	20.4±0.5 (𝑛=15)	FG	Summer	59.7±2.7 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	48 κ, 45 ι, 7 pyruvate	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	G. pistillata	20.8±0.6 (𝑛=15)	H (♀)	Summer	58.5±2.6 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	49 κ, 45 ι, 6 pyruvate	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
Phyllophoraceae	Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis	22.8±1.2 (𝑛=15)	G	Summer	13.6±0.5 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA2S, G4S-DA	82 ι, 18 κ	𝜄−𝜅 (ν)
	Gymnogongrus crenulatus	18.4±1.3 (𝑛=15)	TB	Late spring	23.3±1.4 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	64 κ, 29 ι, 7 pyruvate	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	Mastocarpus stellatus	28.4±0.6 (𝑛=15)	NF	Late summer	41.4±2.0 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	62 κ, 36 ι, 2 pyruvate	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)
	M. stellatus	20.9±2.1 (𝑛=15)	FG	Late summer	41.0±2.0 (𝑛=3)	G4S-DA, G4S-DA2S	59 κ, 41 ι	𝜅−𝜄 (μ/ν)

T: tetrasporophyte; FG: female gametophyte; G: gametophyte; NF: nonfructified thalli; TB: tetrasporopblastic thalli; H: heterosporic thalli: (♀ cistocarpic branch; ⊕ tetrasporic branch); ⁽¹⁾ yields (maximum value found) expressed as a percentage of dry weight ± standard error; ⁽³⁾composition determined by ¹H-NMR; ⁽⁴⁾composition determined by FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman analysis of ground seaweed samples; the carrageenans are identified according to the Greek lettering system and letter code ⁽²⁾proposed by Knutsen et al. [3]; the letters between parentheses ( ) correspond to the biological precursors of the carrageenans, present in native carrageenan samples (or ground seaweed). Kappa (κ), Mu (μ), Iota (ι), Nu (ν), Theta (θ), Lambda (λ), and Xi (ξ).