Facilitative and Inhibitory Effect of Litter on Seedling Emergence and Early Growth of Six Herbaceous Species in an Early Successional Old Field Ecosystem

Table 2

The 𝐹 and 𝑃 values of two-way ANOVA analysis for litter cover, species, and their interactions on seedling emergence, seedling establishment, and seedling growth.

Variables	Litter cover		Species		Litter cover × species
	𝐹	𝑃	𝐹	𝑃	𝐹	𝑃
Emergence time (day)	26.25	<0.001	885.28	<0.001	1.34	0.117
Emergence rate index	7.11	<0.001	325.33	<0.001	3.08	<0.001
Emergence percentage (%)	15.48	<0.001	77.44	<0.001	0.68	0.840
Seedling survival rate (%)	43.04	<0.001	6.37	<0.001	1.63	0.062
Establishment success rate (%)	19.31	<0.001	79.59	<0.001	0.62	0.892
Basal diameter of seedling (mm)	9.49	<0.001	487.26	<0.001	1.67	0.034
Seedling height (cm)	103.94	<0.001	398.22	<0.001	4.41	<0.001
Seedling dry weight (mg)	6.23	<0.001	220.66	<0.001	6.10	<0.001
Stem leaf ratio	176.85	<0.001	48.12	<0.001	5.94	<0.001