The Genetic Structure of Wild Orobanche cumana Wallr. (Orobanchaceae) Populations in Eastern Bulgaria Reflects Introgressions from Weedy Populations

Table 4

Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of Orobanche cumana populations from Bulgaria.

Hierarchical structure and source of variation	AMOVA statistics				𝐹-statistics^a	𝑃 value
	df	Sum of squares	Variance components	% Variance
Bulgarian populations collected on wild hosts (8 populations; 166 individuals)
Not structured
Among populations	7	491.05	1.69	53.64	𝐹ST=0.54	<0.001
Within populations/group	324	473.19	1.46	46.36
Structured based on gene pools^b
Among groups	1	294.36	2.29	50.37	𝐹CT=0.50	0.032
Among populations/group	6	196.69	0.80	17.56	𝐹SC=0.35	<0.001
Within populations/group	324	473.19	1.46	32.07	𝐹ST=0.68	<0.001
Total of Bulgarian populations (wild and cultivated host) (11 populations; 224 individuals)
Not structured
Among populations	10	713.97	1.74	59.54	𝐹ST=0.60	<0.001
Within populations/group	437	517.64	1.18	40.46
Structured based on ecological status^c
Among groups	1	93.81	0.14	4.55	𝐹CT=0.05	0.234
Among populations/group	9	620.16	1.68	56.05	𝐹SC=0.59	<0.001
Within populations/group	437	517.64	1.18	39.40	𝐹ST=0.61	<0.001
Structured based on gene pools^d
Among groups	2	423.05	1.51	42.01	𝐹CT=0.42	0.002
Among populations/group	8	290.91	0.90	25.05	𝐹SC=0.43	<0.001
Within populations/group	437	517.64	1.18	32.94	𝐹ST=0.67	<0.001

^a𝐹-statistics represents differentiation among groups (𝐹_CT), among populations within groups (𝐹_SC), and among populations within the whole population (𝐹_ST).
^bThe gene pools defined with clustering analyses comprised (i) populations CUMBUL-3 and -4 and (ii) populations CUMBUL-1, -2, -5_1, -5_2, -6, and -7.
^cThe structured groups based on the ecological status were (i) wild hosts (populations CUMBUL-1, -2, -3, -4, -5_1, -5_2, -6, and -7) and (ii) cultivated host (sunflower) (populations CUMBUL-8, -9, -10).
^dThe gene pools defined with clustering analyses were (i) populations CUMBUL-3, -4, (ii) populations CUMBUL-8 and -9, and (iii) populations CUMBUL-1, -2, -5_1, -5_2, -6, -7, and -10.