Review Article

Global Renewable Energy-Based Electricity Generation and Smart Grid System for Energy Security

Table 4

World renewable energy use by type and scenario [85].

New policiesCurrent policies450 scenario
2011202020352020203520202035

Electricity generation (TWh)4 4827 19611 6126 84410 0227 52815 483
 Bioenergy4247621 4777341 2507972 056
 Hydro3 4904 5555 8274 4125 4784 6676 394
 Wind4341 3262 7741 1952 2511 4414 337
 Geothermal69128299114217142436
 Solar PV 613799513526804221 389
 Concentrating solar power2432453512256 80656 806
 Marine1339324364
 Share of total generation20% 26% 31% 24% 25% 28% 48%

Heat demand* (Mtoe)434438602432551466704
 Industry209253316255308248328
 Buildings* and agriculture135184286177243198376
 Share of total demand8% 10% 12% 9% 11% 10% 16%

Biofuels (mboe/d)**1.32.14.11.93.32.67.7
 Road transport1.32.14.11.93.22.66.8
 Aviation*** 0.10.10.9
 Share of total transport2%4% 6% 3% 4% 5% 15%
 Traditional biomass (Mtoe)744730680732689718647
 Share of total bioenergy57% 49% 37% 50% 40% 47% 29%

Share of total renewable energy demand43% 33% 22% 34% 25% 32% 17%

*Excluding traditional biomass. **Expressed in energy-equivalent volumes of gasoline and diesel.
***International bunkers. Note: Mtoe: million tonnes of oil equivalent; TPED: total primary energy demand; TWh: terawatt-hour; mboe/d: million barrels of oil equivalent per day.