L. monocytogenes V7 (low and high inoculum 2.67 log CFU/g and 6.89 log CFU/g, respectively, at 4°C)
Cubes immersed in 24 h broth cultures for 30 s, allowed to drip free of excess inoculum, and dried. Frozen samples were irradiated (3.0 kGy) and kept frozen until used
4°C or 8 °C, 24 d. Cubes boiled in water bath for 20 min, were inoculated, then dried, followed by dipping in edible ZP or ZE, with and without antimicrobials. Air dried samples (20 min) stored in sterile bags
L. monocytogenes was reduced by 4.5–5 log CFU/g relative to the control after high dose and 16 d at 4°C, with more significant effect when N was added to the films. Low inoculum dose and using ZPNCP film caused complete inhibition from 4 to 24 d, either at 4° or at 8°C
Grape seed extract (GSE, 1.0–3.0% w/v), nisin (N, 6–18 kIU/g), malic acid (MA 1.0–3.0%; w/v), EDTA (1.6 mg/mL), and their combinations
L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella typhimurium (106 CFU/g)
Samples were defrosted and dipped into cultures of 106 CFU/mL of L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, or S. typhimurium for 1 min at room temperature. Inoculated samples were then air dried under laminar flow conditions
4°C, 28 d Samples were dipped in film-forming solutions (1 min) and dried (10 min, room temperature). Samples were then packed individually in sterile bags, and stored
L. monocytogenes decreased to 2.3 log/g (N, 6000 IU/g; GSE 0.5%; MA 1.0%). S. typhimurium decreased to 5 log CFU/g using any antimicrobial, whereas E. coli decreased to 4.6 log cycles using N, MA and EDTA. All reductions were relative to the control
Carvacrol (C) or cinnamaldehyde (CM) at 0.5–3% (w/w).
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150) (107 CFU/g)
Inoculum was dispersed on the surface as droplets
23°C or 4°C, 3 d Samples were dipped in boiling water (40 s), plated and exposed in a bio-hood for drying (30 min). Sample was flipped over and inoculated in a similar way. Meat was wrapped using appropriate edible films
At 23 °C, films with 3% antimicrobials showed the highest reductions (4.3–6.8 log CFU/g) of both S. Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7. At 4°C, C exhibited greater activity than CM. Relative to control samples, films with 0.5–3% C reduced S. Enteritidis by 1.6–3 log CFU/g, whereas 1–3% CM films reduced its population by 1.2–2.8 log CFU/g. Films with 0.5–3% C reduced 1–3 log E. coli whereas 1–3% CM films inhibited 0.2–1.2 log CFU. Treatments were at 4°C
Ovotransferrin, OTf (25 mg), EDTA (5 mM), and potassium sorbate (PS, 10 mg/g of k-carrageenan)
E. coli
No inoculation
5°C, 7 d Samples were wrapped with k-carrageenan-based films and packed in plastic bags
Samples wrapped with kCF added with 5 mM EDTA alone or mixed with 25 mg OTf allowed 2.7 log CFU/g reduction of E. coli, compared to the control, at day 7. Addition of 25 mg of OTf or 10 mg PS slightly inhibited microbial growth
Nisaplin based films (GNF) (0.025–0.5 %; w/v nisin) and Guardian CS1-50 based films (GGF) (0.5–4 %; w/v).
L. monocytogenes (106 cfu/mL)
Inoculated by surface spreading. Samples were thawed at 4°C for 18 h and then inoculated and covered with antimicrobial film. Each sample was vacuum-sealed
4°C, 56 d Samples were irradiated at 4°C (2.4 mrad for 521 min) and stored at −70°C
Both 0.5% GNF and 1% GGF inhibited L. monocytogenes by 4 log CFU/cm2 and 3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, relative to the control, during storage at 4°C for 56 d. GGF inhibited L. monocytogenes by 2.17 log CFU/cm2 at 7 d
Sodium lactate (SL) and sodium diacetate (SD). OptiForm PD4 (OF4), NovaGARDCB1 (NG1), Protect-M (PM), and Guardian NR100 (GN)
A cocktail of five strains of L. monocytogenes (PSU1 serotype 1/2a, F5069 serotype 4b, ATCC19115 (serotype 4b), PSU9 serotype 1/2b, and Scott A serotype 4b) 103 UFC/mL
Spreading on both sides of the turkey surface, 103 CFU/cm2. After inoculation, turkey samples were kept at 4°C for 20 min
4°C, 8 weeks Coatings on each side were dried in a laminar-flow hood for 20 min each side. All samples were inserted into nylon/polyethylene pouches and vacuum sealed
OF4 (2.5%) alone or mixed with PM (0.12%) in films made from alginate, chitosan or pectin were the most effective, reaching L. monocytogenes reduction by 3.5 log/cm2 relative to the control after storage
3% solution of high methoxyl pectin added with golden delicious apple puree films
Carvacrol (C) and cinnamaldehyde (CM) (0.5–3.0 %; w/v)
Campylobacter jejuni (D28a, H2a and A24a), 107 CFU/mL
Samples dipped in boiling water for 40 s and dried in a biohood for 1 h. Chicken was dip-inoculated for 5 min
23°C and 4°C, 72 h in anaerobiosis. Samples placed in sterile plates, dried in a 42°C, 10% CO2 incubator for 1 h and then wrapped with apple films and stored
Films with ≥1.5% CM reduced populations of both strains to below detection at 23°C at 72 h. Films with 3% C reduced populations of A24a and H2a to below detection. Using 3% C, films reduced to 0.5 log CFU/g of both strains A24a and D28a and 0.9 logs for H2a at 4°C
Mesophilic microorganisms, Pseudomonas spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta
No inoculation
12, 18 y 21 d, 4°C Samples were dipped into the chitosan solution (1.5 min) and drained. Sterile OO was added to the surface. Fillets were packed in plastic pouches, and stored in a modified atmosphere
Shelf life of chicken fillets can be extended using either OO and/or CH, by approximately 6–21 d
0, 2, 6 and 8 d, 4°C Slices wrapped with CH or CH-5% LAE films, then packed in polyethylene films
CH films reduced 0.47–2.96 log population of fillets, depending on time and microbial group studied. Incorporation of LAE (5%) increased antimicrobial activity to 1.78–5.81 log reduction, and maintaining the initially low microbial fillets load for 8 d
Chitosan (CH, 2–5% w/w) films and coatings added with 2% solution of either acetic, lactic or levulinic acids
Lauric arginate (LAE, 50–200 mL/mL) and nisin (NIS, 25 mg/mL) alone or in combination
L. innocua (6-7 log CFU/cm2)
Even spread over the meat surface ( cm2) using sterile spreaders
48 h, 37°C. Films were placed on top of inoculated turkey; coatings applied by spreading. The product was vacuum packed and stored at 10°C for 24 h prior to microbiological analysis
High CH levels reduced 4.6 log CFU/cm2. NIS addition (486 IU/cm2) reduced Listeria by 2 and 2.4 log CFU/cm2 for 2% and 5% CH, respectively. Combination of CH, LAE and NIS had similar reductions as only CH with LAE, suggesting no additive or synergistic effect by NIS. Despite no statistical difference (), coatings showed more microbial reduction than films
