Optimization of Culture Conditions (Sucrose, pH, and Photoperiod) for In Vitro Regeneration and Early Detection of Somaclonal Variation in Ginger Lime (Citrus assamensis)

Table 1

The effects of different combinations and concentrations of BAP and NAA on stem explants of Citrus hybrids, cultured on solid MS media at 25±1°C. Cultures were maintained at 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness, with 1000 lux intensity of light.

MS + hormone		Observations	Callus (%)	Organogenesis
BAP (mgL^−1)	NAA (mgL^−1)			Shoot (%)	Root (%)
0.0	1.0	White callus formation after 20 days; Root formation after 30 days	73.3±0.6^ef	NR	26.7±0.6^a
0.0	2.0	White callus formation after 15 days; Root formation after 30 days	80.0±5.8^fg	NR	26.7±1.7^a
1.0	0.0	Shoot formation after 55 days	NR	20.0±2.9^a	NR
2.0	0.0	Shoot formation after 55 days	NR	20.0±5.8^a	NR
0.5	0.5	Green callus formation after 16 days; Shoot formation after 60 days	80.0±2.9^fg	20.0±1.2^a	NR
1.0	0.5	Greenish callus formation after 30 days; Shoot formation after 58 days	66.7±1.2^de	20.0±2.9^a	NR
1.5	0.5	Greenish callus formation after 16 days	53.3±1.7^cd	NR	NR
2.0	0.5	Greenish callus formation after 25 days; Shoot formation after 58 days	60.0±5.8^cde	20.0±2.3^a	NR
0.5	1.0	Greenish callus formation after 20 days; Shoot formation after 35 days	86.7±2.3^gh	20.0±0.6^a	NR
1.0	1.0	Greenish callus formation after 28 days	46.7±0.6^bc	NR	NR
1.5	1.0	Yellowish callus formation after 28 days; Shoot formation after 50 days	26.7±3.8^a	20.0±7.5^a	NR
2.0	1.0	Greenish callus formation after 30 days	33.3±5.7^ab	NR	NR
0.5	1.5	Green callus formation after 20 days	100.0±0.0^h	NR	NR
1.0	1.5	Green callus formation after 30 days; Shoot formation after 50 days	33.3±2.3^ab	20.0±1.2^a	NR
1.5	1.5	Greenish callus formation after 21 days	73.3±2.3^efg	NR	NR
2.0	1.5	Green callus formation after 25 days; Shoot formation after 30 days	33.3±1.2^ab	46.7±5.2^b	NR
0.5	2.0	Green callus formation after 18 days; Shoot formation after 40 days	73.3±4.6^efg	20.0±2.9^a	NR
1.0	2.0	Green callus formation after 20 days; Shoot formation after 50 days	46.7±4.0^bc	20.0±1.2^a	NR
1.5	2.0	Yellow callus formation after 18 days; Shoot formation after 55 days	60.0±11.5^cde	20.0±3.5^a	NR
2.0	2.0	Green callus formation after 18 days; Shoot formation after 38 days	86.7±5.8^gh	26.7±1.7^a	NR
3.0	3.0	Yellowish callus formation after 28 days	46.7±5.8^bc	NR	NR

Mean ± SE, 𝑛=30. Mean values with different letters in the same column are significantly different at 𝑃<0.05 (NR: no response).